EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 83 



L. — Agricultural implements. 



Spades, shovels, hoes, rcikes. — All of these of American manufacture are 

 in constant use, a large share of which they have received among their 

 Government annuities. 



Ploios. — Generally they dig their gardens with the hoe or spade. 

 When they wish to plow, which is seldom, they borrow a Government 

 plow, as they own none. 



Harvesting-tools, granaries. — As they raise no grain, they have none. 



For cutting hay, they use American scythes ; forked sticks in the shape 



of forks, and American forks for putting it up, and haul it in with oxeu 



on a sled. 



M. — Basket-working tools. 



Tools, ornamentation patterns. — They use but few tools in doing this ; 

 a knife in cutting and splitting the material, and an awl in sewing the 

 water-tight baskets. The rest of the work is done with the fingers. For 

 ornamentation, see sec. A of the present chapter. There is no particu- 

 lar figure in this ornamentation, nor does it mean anything, but is done 

 simply for beauty. 



N. — Tools for making and working fiber. 



Carding and hackling. — They have none for hackling now. Formerly 

 when they made string out of nettle-stalks, they scraped them with a 

 shell or knife. Some of them use American cards for carding wool very 

 well. 



Sinnning, ticisting. — Some of them roll the wool on their laps with 

 their hands, and make a coarse yarn. A more common way is to use a 

 native hand-wheel, eight or ten inches in diameter, through the center of 

 which a spindle twelve or fifteen inches long is inserted at right angles. 

 This is rolled by one hand on the lap and the wool held by the other. 

 This year a few American spinning-wheels have been introduced among 

 their annuities, and are well liked. 



Knitting. — This they do with American knitting-needles. 



Weaving, matting. — These have been described under section A of the 

 present chapter. 



Ornamenting. — The needle is chiefly used in ornamenting common 

 work. 



Serving embroidery icith heads. — American needles are used. 



For braiding. — The hands are used. 



For dyeing. — Dark mud is used in dyeing black; the grass which they 

 use in ornamenting their baskets and the root of the wild Oregon 

 grape in coloring orange. 



O. — Implements of nomadic and pastoral life. 



Tools for marTcing cattle. — They have but few cattle, which they readily 

 know, and do not mark them. 



