EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 85 



B. — Appurtenances to the foregoing. 



Poles for propelling^ pushing-sticks . — None. 



Paddles. — There are two kinds, each about four or five feet long, the 

 blade two and a half to three feet long, and five or six inches wide, and 

 a second handle three or four inches long at the end of the main handle, 

 and at right angles to it. The blade of one kind is straight; that of the 

 other kind curves (see Plate 23, Figs. IST and O). The first is most 

 generally used, but the latter is used in the river for pushing off from 

 logs, the point being made for that purpose, and there being many in 

 the river. They are generally made of maple or yew. 



Oars.— A very few are used, generally six or seven feet long, and 

 made of cedar. 



Sails. — All the larger canoes are made to carry sail, and the largest 

 two or three, which are of cloth. Formerly they were of cedar-bark 

 mats, made by the Makah Indians. 



Rudders. — Very few are used, as they generally steer with a paddle. 



Anchors. — Generally «a large stone, or piece of iron of any shape, an- 

 swers for these. 



Cables and taclde, cleats for various uses, dead-eyes. — None, except in 

 the American-made ones in the sloop. 



Outriggers. — Booms and sprits are used for spreading sail. 



C. — Traveling on foot. 



Carrying-straps, baskets. — The common water-tight and mat baskets 

 are used for this purpose. For a description of them and straps see 

 sec. 3, A, of the present chapter. In addition to these, others of the same 

 shape are made, but the material is bark, and they are also used in 

 carrying loads of wood and bark. They are used almost entirely by the 

 women and very old men. 



Staff for mountain-travel, scrip or haversack, canteens, carrying-nets and 

 yokes, sedan for carrying travelers, skates, ice-creepers, and the like, and 

 snow-shoes. — I do not know that any of these things are used. There is 

 but little snow and ice here during the winter, therefore they have no 

 special means of traveling in that way. 



D.— Land conveyances and other means of transportation. 



Saddles and their parts. — American saddles and their rigging are used. 

 No womens' saddles are used, the women riding like the men on men's 

 saddles. 



Bridles and halters of all kinds. — American bridles are used, but often 

 a rope is put in the animal's mouth for a bridle. American leather halt- 

 ers and hemp ropes are used for tying. 



Packs, panniers. — Sometimes they pack on American pack-saddles, 

 and sometimes on riding-saddles, often carrying large loads on the 

 horses which they ride. 



