COMPARATIVE VOCABULAEY OF UTAH DIALECTS. 535 



When vowels have the long souad, the mark of length is omitted. 

 The values of vowels are only indicated when other than «, e, I, o, and 

 ft. The vowels li and il must not be mistaken for the German umlaut. 



CONSONANTS. 



For the most part, consonants retain their regular sound, as in the 

 English ; those to be altered or entirely omitted are as follows : 



c not to be used, excepting in the compounds ch, toll ; write 1c for the 

 hard sound, s for the soft. 



g hard, as in gig, never soft, as in ginger ; for this sound use always 

 dsh. 



i not to be used ; substitute dsh. 



q not to be used ; for qu write leu. 



w not to be used ; substitute u. 



X not to be used ; write Ics or gs. 



z not to be used ; write s, (?s, or ts. 



ch hard, as in church; for the hard sound, write tch, for the soft, dsh. 



Ich, as in the German ach, ich. 



By observing these rules in orthography, the majority of words in the 

 Utah language may be properly sounded ; and when any exceptional 

 cases arise, the student may adopt some arbitrary mark of his own, 

 describing fully its value or meaning, as suggested by the Smithsonian 

 Institution. 



The majority of the Yampa (Bear Eiver) or White Eiver words were 

 collected by Dr. J. Dana Littlefleld, at the White River agency, Colo- 

 rado, in the years 1873 and 1874. Those Yampa words marked with an 

 asterisk (*) were obtained by the author during the summer of 1874, and 

 at the same place. The Weminuche words marked in the same way, I col- 

 lected in Southwestern Colorado in 1875. The rest of the Weminuche 

 words were furnished me by Capt. John Moss, of La Plata County, 

 Colorado. This gentleman has resided among the tribe for many years, 

 and speaks the language fluently. For the Uinta words, I am indebted 

 to Mr. Richard D. Komas, a young man of the Uinta branch of the Utah 

 tribe, who came east and studied for several years at Lincoln University, 

 Chester County, Pennsylvania. He died in Philadelphia during the 

 summer of 1876. 



In the Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey of the Terri - 

 tories, vol. ii. No. 1, 1876, I published a short list of Yampa words, 

 which were written according to the ordinary English alphabetic nota- 

 tion. In order to show the process of transition from this to the scien- 

 tific notation, without changing the pronunciation, I will give the list 

 in both forms : 



English notation. Scientific. 



Arm, poOr-otSj purets. 



Blood, P^ap, puilp. 



Frioud, tigaboo, tfgabn. 



Knife, weetcb, ultcb. 



