began to occur. In some cases a complete skeleton was found, 

 in other cases what seemed to be a circle of skulls, buried 

 alongside charred bones, fragments of pottery and other 

 articles. Several different excavations were made on the 

 mound surface, and it was found that every part from the base 

 to the crest contained bones and skeletons, to the depth of from 

 six to ten feet as already said ; bones and articles of interest 

 were found thus far ; deeper than this, nothing. I shall now 

 describe the articles found in this mound, and refer in some 

 cases to what has been found in the other mounds of the 

 Takawgamis. 



NATURAL PRODUCTS. 



1. Bones. Of the bones found, the skulls were the most 

 interesting. In some cases it would seem as if they alone of the 

 bones had been carried from a distance, perhaps from a distant 

 part of the Mound Builders' territory, from a battle field or 

 some other spot. In some cases this was proved, by the pres- 

 ence in the eye-sockets and cavities of clay of a different kind 

 from that of the mound, showing a previous interment. The 

 mound was plainly a sacred spot of the family or sept. Before 

 you are pieces of charred bone. Of the bones unburnt some 

 were of large size. There are before us two skulls, one from 

 the grand mound, the other from the Red River mound opened 

 by the Society in 1879. The following are the measurements 

 of the two skulls which I have made carefully; and alongside 

 the average measurements of the Brachycephalic type given by 

 Dr. Daniel Wilson, as well as of the Dolichocephalic : 



Average Rainy Red Average 

 Doucho- River River Brachy- 

 cephalic. Skull. Skull, cephalic. 



Longitudinal diameter 7.24 7.3 in. 6.7 6.62 



Parietal diameter 5.47 5.8 5.5 5.45 



Vertical " 5.42 6.2 5.8 5.30 



Frontal " 4.36 4.2 3.7 4.24 



Intermastoid Arch 14.67 15.3 15.6 14.63 



Intermastoid line 4.23 5.8 4.3 4.25 



Occipito-frontal Arch 14.62 17.0 13.8 13.85 



Horizontal circumference 20.29 22.3 19.6 19.44 



From this it will be seen that the Red River mound skulls 

 agree with the Toltecan Brachycephalic type ; and the Rainy 

 River skull while not so distinctly Brachycephalic yet is con- 

 siderably above the average of the Dolichocephalic type. 



2. Wood. As already stated it is only in some of the 

 mounds that charred wood is found. This specimen is from 

 the mound at Coutchetcheng, at the head of Rainy River. It 



