The Swedish sea-faring men of that time were known under the name 

 of Roths-men; and Rods-folk or Ross-folk is the name by which fishermen are 

 designed to-day in Norway, when they go on their fishing expeditions. 



Even to this hour Ruotsi is the name by which the Swedes are called by 

 the Finns. 



We see, consequently, that the Vikings, who founded the duchy of Kus, 

 imposed their names upon the Slavs, who were under their power. 



As the Northmen in Normandy and in Rouen after a few generations 

 began to speak the language of the people, whom they conquered, and as the 

 descendants of Tancred in Naples and in Sicily began to speak Italian, so in 

 the plains and forests of the Slavs, the Northmen, who settled there in the 

 ninth century, began soon to speak the dialects of Slavs. 



It sounds peculiar that Nestor says that some Vanngians were Normans, 

 some Goths, some Angles, and some Rus. Yet we will give credit to Nes- 

 tor if we remember that Varingian does not denote a nation, but a band of 

 armed exiles or of peoples who associated for making war. An exile or a re- 

 fugee was called vaergenge in Anglo-Saxon. These exiles or Varingians 

 made several raids on Constantinople and returned with their booty. 1 hey 

 made also a treaty with the Greeks and the record of that treaty has reached 

 us and the names of the Varingian vikings, who signed it, speak eloquently of 

 their Scandinavian nationality. 



In the tenth century these Varingians formed a body — guard of the 

 Emperor's armies. 



In the eleventh century a good many of those Varingians were English 

 and Britons. 



Gaufredus Malaterra says in his Historia Sicula III., 27, in 1081, that 

 the English who served in the Greek army were called Varingians. We are 

 told even that in the twelfth century that body of life guards was recruited 

 almost entirely from English and Danish warriors. 



Hence we can easily understand why Nestor, who wrote about 1115, 

 said that some of the Varingians were Angles. 



During the wars with the Teutons many Slavs were taken captives and 

 sold into slavery and their very name gave rise to the word slave. 



Many Scandinavian names were used by the Slavs and the titles of the 

 first nobles and officers of Russia's early days were Scandinavian ; some of these 

 names, as bolarin (dun), yanbednik, (to g, kniaz), are ound in the Rus- 

 sian language even to-day. The very word dooma, now used for parlia- 

 ment, seems to be a remainder of the Viking times, and is related to doom- 

 house. 



TWO TENDENCIES. 



This nucleus of a rising kingdom became divided into several feudal 

 duchies of which we see two elements gradually emerge and become centres 

 of the two great divisions: of Rus — the Great Russians, known also as the 

 Russia of the Tsars in the north, with Moscow as capital, and the Oukraina 



