(or in the French spelling Ukraine), with Kiev as chief town, in the south. 

 The northern branch developed into what now is Russia, the southern branch 

 into Little Russia or the Republic of Kozacks,of which the Galician Ruthen- 

 ians made a part. 



The conception of an unbroken succession of princes ruling in Russia's 

 towns and duchies is wrong, as in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteen centuries 

 Russia had several republics with more or less developed rights. 



The chief republics were those of Novgorod and Pskov. Novgorod 

 was a flourishing town belonging to the Hanseatic League and inhabited by 

 many foreign merchants. 



This powerful republic, which styled itself as "th2 Lord, the great Nov- 

 gorod," was annexed to the principality of Moscow by John 111. in 1478. It 

 was sacked and crushed by John the Terrible in 1 570, who brutally murdered 

 several of its citizens. 



Among the Slavs of the Russian principalities two opposite tendencies 

 were continually at work; the tendency to aggregation and national unity and 

 the tendency to dispersion and independence. 



A centripetal tendency characterizes the North, or Russia, while the tend- 

 ency to independence or a centrifugal force is dominant in the South or in 

 Oukraina. 



NO DISCRIMINATION, OBEY! 



The ideal of Russia is to yield to the will of the majority, to the power 

 of the prince, to have the individual will drowned in the will of the ruler. A 

 Russian carries that principle so far that with him obedience, subordination, 

 and, if necessary, patient endurance, is the greatest virtue. To this principle 

 everything else is sacrificed. Motto: Obey and don't discriminate. The will 

 of the individual is often crushed before the will of society or state. 1 \his 

 is the centripetal ideal of Russia. 



INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM. 



On the other hand, what ideal do we see in Oukraina? A love of 

 liberty, respect of individual opinion, and that craving for individual freedom 

 is so great that sometimes, if carried to an extreme, it weakens the welfare of 

 the community. The Little Russian, or Galician, can stand for his opinion. 

 He can sometimes hold it with a rare obstinacy, and he will stand for his con- 

 victions. He is bred in an atmosphere of comparative freedom. 



Ruric's great-grandson, whose old Norse name, Valdemar (Ruler of 

 the Sea), was corrupted into Volodimer and Vladimir (972-1015), em- 

 braced Christianity and married the daughter of a Greek Caesar. Valdemar, 

 who had been a cruel and sensual heathen prince, is told to have undergone 

 a thorough change after his conversion. He became mild, hospitable, thought- 

 ful and spent much in charities. 



