INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 211 



4. — The French sound eu is represented by ce^ pronounced as in 

 the French word ceil. 



5. — The long sound of a vowel is indicated by a circumflex accent; 

 the interrupted sound is indicated by an apostrophy. 



6. — The consonants b, d, f, J, k, I, in, n, p, q, r, t, v, and z, are pro- 

 nounced as in French. 



7. — The letters g and s always have the hard sound as in the 

 French words gamelle and strop. 



8. — The sound represented in French by ch is designated by sh. 

 Examples : sheriff Kashgar. 



9. — Kh represents the harsh guttural ; gh represents the soft 

 guttural of the Arabs. 



10. — Th represents the sound which terminates the English word 

 path (B in Greek). Dh represents the sound which commences the 

 English word those. 



II. — Aside from such employment (9, 10) of the letter h modi- 

 fying the letter which ])recedes it, h is always aspirated ; the 

 apostrophy is therefore never used before a word commencing with h. 



12. — The semi-vowel represented byj' is pronounced as \x\ yole. 



13. — The semi-vowel w is pronounced as in the English word 

 William. 



14. — The double sounds dj, tch, ts, etc., are indicated by letters 

 representing the sounds which compose them. Example : Matshim. 



15. — The n is pronounced ^^ as in seigneur. 



16. — The letters x, c, and q are not used, since they are duplicates 

 of other letters representing the same sounds ; but q may serve to 

 indicate the Arabic qaf and the soft aspirate may be used to repre- 

 sent the Arabic din. 



An attempt should be made to indicate as exactly as possible, by 



means of the letters given above, the local pronunciation without 



trying to give a complete representation of all the sounds which are 



heard. 



^^^*^ 



Paludestrina jenkinsi in the New River. — P. jenkinsi has found its way 

 into the New River at Hoddesdon, Herts. In company with Mr. Jennings, of 

 Edmonton, I took about fifty specimens from a piece of boarding built into the 

 river bank to support it. The river flows fast at the spot where they were taken, 

 which might account for the fact that none were dredged up on either side of the 

 boarding. The pace of the stream would probably have washed them off the mud 

 and grass-banks. Ancylus fluviatilis was found sticking to the boarding in com- 

 pany with the Paludestrina, the locality certainly favouring the former rather than 

 the latter, which I have hitherto only taken in sluggish streams and ditches. A 

 further search may reveal that they are strays from a colony living in some slower- 

 flowing reach of the river, that have been washed down the stream, till they found 

 a foothold on the boarding. — Arthur G. Stubbs {Read before the Society, 

 April 12, 1905). 



