STANDEN: TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF SILVERDALE DISTRICT. 329 



At Woodwell, a charming little dell near the village, masses of 

 Galmm apari?ie, growing over some tall bushes to a height of six or 

 eight feet, swarmed with Hygromia graniilata, which fell into the 

 umbrella by scores when the bushes were beaten. With them were 

 also many half-grown Hellcigona arbustoruin, a species not at all 

 common in this district, nor indeed in the county generally ; the 

 largest colony I know of being at Caton, near Lancaster, and it was 

 taken sparingly by Mr. J. W. Jackson in Eggerslack Wood, Grange- 

 over-Sands, in July, 1903, which about completes the record for this 

 side of the County Palatine. The Woodwell shells are of the large, 

 somewhat depressed and richly-coloured dark form one usually asso- 

 ciates with H. arbustorum when occurring at low altitudes, in this 

 instance certainly not more than twenty-five feet above sea-level. The 

 wealth of nioUuscan life about Woodwell, with its amphitheatre of 

 trees growing from the talus of huge blocks of limestone fallen from 

 the cliffs above, and overgrown with a thick coating of ivy, moss, and 

 geranium, would astonish a young collector. In the woods around, 

 search underneath the stones and dead branches yielded plenty of 

 Vitrlna pellucida, Carychiiim ininimum^ Vitrea aiiiaria, and var. 

 viridula, V. crystalliiia, V. cellaria, V. nitiditla, and its vars. nitens 

 and helmi, V. pura and var. nitidosa, V. rogersi, Euconidus fidvus, 

 Hygromia hispida, Cochlicopa lubriai, and most of the species already 

 mentioned. Clausilia laminata and C. bidentata are common on the 

 trees and rocks. I took some particularly fine C. bidentata var. craven- 

 ensis on the rocks and wall round the well itself. This large and 

 distinctive form, which some of our continental friends would not 

 hesitate to claim as a good " species," and I should be strongly 

 inclined to agree with them, has always in my experience occurred on 

 rocks and walls, and I have never found it indulging in the arboreal 

 habits so commonly observed in the type. 



At a spot called the Cove, on the Silverdale shore, the grassf slopes 

 swarm with Helicella caperata of a small form, with very sober colour- 

 ing, and scarcely a trace of the variation one usually looks for in this 

 pretty little shell. Pomatias elegans is common there also, in the 

 wood on the top of the cliff, and many dead shells which have fallen 

 from above, may be found on the beach at the cliff base, or lodged on 

 the ledges. All the living shells found were immature. The first 

 record for this species in the Silverdale district — and for the county — 

 is that by Mr. R. Scharff in 1\vq Jour?iql of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 178, 

 188 1 ; and not long afterwards it was taken by Mr. J. Ray Hardy 

 about a mile inland, in a coppice and hedgerow in Ford Lane; and 

 again by Mr. J. B. Dixon, in 1902. It has since then been taken on 

 Humphrey Head (172 feet) on the opposite side of the bay by Mr. 

 C. H. Moore. It also occurs about four miles away at Low Meathop, 



