733 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XI. No. 280. 



College de France, in the Museum of 

 Natural History, and in the Pasteur Insti- 

 tute. Admission to work is a matter of 

 agreement between professor and pupil, 

 the latter having to demonstrate his com- 

 petency to the professor. 



The foregoing brief account may sufiBce 

 to show that the scientific institutions of 

 Paris in equipment of laboratories and in 

 facilities for research are the equal of those 

 of any nation, and what is still more im- 

 portant than equipment, that the foremost 

 scientists of France are professors in these 

 institutions.* 



ADMISSION TO BESEAECH. THE DOCTORATE 

 OF THE UNIVERSITY. 



A student is admitted to lectures in the 

 University with no more requirement than 

 the presentation of an admission card which 

 is obtained gratuitously on application. 

 Savants, French and foreign, may be ad- 

 mitted free to work in laboratories, on the 

 recommendation of the dean or director or 

 professors. 



The ordinary investigator or student who 

 is not a candidate for a degree, must pre- 

 sent his certificates from the institutions 

 where he has studied ; and if these are ac- 

 ceptable, he must then matriculate with an 

 annual fee of 20 francs. Besides this, he 

 must pay an annual library fee of 20 francs, 

 and a quarterly fee of 22.50 francs for each 

 biological laboratory in which he works. 



* A considerable amount of information concerning 

 the subject discussed in this paper may be obtained 

 from two pamphlets recently issued. The first is the 

 Guide illustre de Vetudiant etranger h Paris, to be ob- 

 tained from any bookdealer of Paris for 1 franc, 50 

 cent. The second is The Universities of France, pub- 

 lished by the Franco-American Committee, to be ob- 

 tained from Professor Michel Breal, 70 Rue d'Assas, 

 Paris. Professor Brdal is also prepared to answer 

 any inquiries relating to study in France. 



Some of the information contained in the last 

 named pamphlet can be found in the Report of the 

 U. S. Commissioner of Education for 1897-98, Vol. I., 

 p. 749. 



The laboratory investigator, not a candi- 

 date for a degree, will therefore pay annu- 

 ally in fees to the University 26 dollars. 



In 1898, the French Government gave 

 the French universities permission to estab- 

 lish a new degree — -the university doctor- 

 ate. This degree corresponds with the 

 German and American doctorate. It dif- 

 fers from the usual French doctorate in 

 that the latter requires longer to obtain 

 and confers various privileges. The new 

 university doctorate confers no privileges. 



To enter upon a candidacy for a univer- 

 sity doctorate in the University of Paris, 

 one must present certificates showing his 

 attainments. Graduates of good American 

 colleges will generally find their credentials 

 sufficient. The petitioner having been ac- 

 cepted, inscribes his name in the register, 

 pays an annual library fee of 20 francs, a 

 quarterly inscription fee of 20 francs, and a 

 quarterly fee of 22.60 fi-ancs, for each lab- 

 oratory in which he works. 



If the foreigner enters on a scholastic 

 level with the graduate lyoee, i. e., on a level 

 with the French bachelor, he must complete 

 two superior studies and a thesis. The supe- 

 rior studies correspond to minors, and may 

 be selected from seventeen departments of 

 learning. The minimum time for these two 

 minors and the thesis is two years. But 

 the candidate who can present and pass ex- 

 aminations in equivalents to these two su- 

 perior studies may have the time of resi- 

 dence required for the doctorate reduced to 

 one year. The candidate must present a 

 thesis embodying original research, must 

 defend this thesis before an assembly of 

 professors, and must answer questions on 

 other subjects proposed by the examiners. 

 The examination fee in pure science is $60 ; 

 in medicine, $135 ; in pharmacy, $186. The 

 candidate must print his thesis, and furnish 

 the University with 150 copies. The total 

 fees, besides the cost of printing the thesis, 

 will be therefore about $100 if the student 



