May 11, 1900.] 



SCIENCE. 



739 



takes one year and about $150 if he takes 

 two years in preparation for the doctorate- 

 In comparison with this, one pays in sci- 

 ence about $70 for one year and $120 for 

 two years at the University of Leipzig. 



Especial mention should be made of the 

 fact that a student may pursue his work for 

 the doctorate, not only at the Sorbonne, but 

 instead at the School of Pharmacy, at the 

 Jardin des Plantes, at the College de France, 

 at the Pasteur Institute, or under the au- 

 spices of the Ecole pratique des Hautes 

 Etudes. That is to say, all these great and 

 independent institutions are affiliated with 

 the University, so that the University gives 

 credit for their work. Thus a man who 

 wishes to make his major with Bonnier at 

 the Sorbonne, or with Van Tieghem at the 

 Jardin des Plantes, or with Guignard at the 

 Ecole de Pharmacie, or with Duclaux at 

 the Institut Pasteur will find these vari- 

 ous routes to the doctorate equally open. 

 In all of these institutions the lectures are 

 wholly free and gratuitous. In each of 

 them, except in the Institut Pasteur, the 

 fees of any one laboratory for a year are less 

 than $20 dollars. In the Institut Pasteur 

 the fee is $10 per month. 



One is safe in saying that in no other city 

 in the world can be found such a brilliant 

 array of professors and laboratories. Truly 

 France has shown a spirit of liberality 

 toward educational matters unsurpassed by 

 any country. 



When, however, one studies the register 

 of the University of Paris, one is struck with 

 amazement at the smallness of the number 

 of names of foreign students, especially with 

 the smallness of the number of Anglo- 

 Saxons. In the year 1897-98, the total 

 registration of the University was over 

 14,000. The total number of Americans 

 present was 44. Of these 44, 28 were in 

 the college of letters, and hence we may 

 assume that the most of them were in the 

 University for the study of the French lan- 



guage. There were only 6 Americans study- 

 ing pure science, 6 studying medicine, and 

 one studying pharmacy. 



The University of Paris contains, it is 

 safe to say, nearly all the Americans who 

 are studying in the universities of France. 

 But compare the number of Americans 

 who are studying in German universities 

 and technical schools. The report of the 

 U. S. Commissioner of Education for 

 1897-98 shows a registered attendance of 

 514, and estimates the total number as 

 being over 1000. The registered Ameri- 

 cans in Austrian institutions numbered at 

 that time 106 ; and in Swiss institutions 

 65. In the year 1895, the University of 

 Berlin had 4018 matriculates, of whom 159 

 were Americans ; Leipzig 2798, of whom 

 53 were Americans ; and Gottingen 878, 

 of whom 30 were Americans. In the same 

 year, Paris, with an enrollment of 10,951, 

 had only 32 Americans. 



Moreover the number of Americans in 

 the University of Paris seems not to be on 

 the increase, though the total number of 

 students there is constantly rising. Thus 

 in 1891, there were 45 Americans there ; 

 in 1896, 38 ; in 1897, 51 ; and in 1898, a 

 recession to 44. 



Naturally one pauses to enquire why 

 Americans are so loth to choose Paris as 

 their place of study. It cannot be due to 

 the expense of living ; for Paris is scarcely 

 more expensive than Berlin or Munich. 

 It cannot be due to the university fees ; 

 for, though for laboratory work and for the 

 diploma, the expense may be somewhat 

 greater in Paris, the expenses for lectures 

 in Paris are nothing, and hence for the stu- 

 dent in studies other than natural science, 

 the university fees are lower at Paris than 

 in Germany. The discrimination against 

 Paris cannot for the most part be due to 

 the previously existing requirements for 

 the doctorate ; for not half the Americans 

 who go abroad for study seek the doctorate. 



