856 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XI. No. 283. 



tion the outer and lower walls of the nos- 

 trils ; the Levator menti lifts the soft parts 

 of the chin ; the upper portion of the Orbi- 

 cularis palpebrarum raises the skin about 

 the eyes, and the Pyramidalis that over the 

 root of the nose ; the Dilatores nasi lift and 

 expand the lower portions of the nose ; the 

 Kectus oculi superior rotates upward the 

 ball of the eye ; and the Corrugator super- 

 cillii raises the inner ends of the eyebrows 

 until the latter are straight. Thus all 

 these, physiologically speaking, tend when 

 they contract to straighten the curve which, 

 morphologically, extends from the upper 

 portion of the vertebral column upwards, 

 forwards, and then somewhat downwards 

 to the chin, and hence by this fact they tend 

 to complete what is biologically the exten- 

 sion of the body. 



It is thus seen that those muscles of the 

 face which take part in or actually produce 

 the facial portion of the ' expression ' of joy- 

 ful emotion, those in other words which by 

 their movement constitute the smile and 

 laugh, are extensor in the same sense as 

 are those of the hand, neck, forearm, leg, and 

 trunk, whose contraction has been previ- 

 ously demonstrated (see research referred to 

 above) to be correlate with the pleasantness 

 of the individual's experience at the time, 

 although it is evident that the general form 

 of the face and its complex functions make 

 this myologic division of function less ob- 

 vious than in case of the muscles of the rest 

 of the bodj'. The smile is then nothing ex- 

 ceptional, and is no more mysterious than is 

 this general duality of action which obtains 

 in every portion, apparently', of the muscu- 

 lar and neural mechanism. 



Study of unpleasant affective states nega- 

 tively corroborates, as we have already sug- 

 gested, this explanation of the nature of the 

 smile and facial laugh by exhibiting quite 

 the opposite muscular reactions, as the term 

 ' long face ' so well implies in common 

 speech. In disagreeable periods of experi- 



ence the head, furthermore, is apt to be 

 bowed, the eyes downcast, the eyelids low- 

 ered, and the corners of the mouth and the 

 skin of the forehead drawn down. This 

 opposition was the basis doubtless of the 

 ' principle of antithesis ' announced by Dar- 

 win the second of his principles of ex- 

 pression, and which has met with so great 

 resistance from many modern physiog- 

 nomists ; it now appears in a new and 

 a much stronger light as indeed a deep-lying 

 tendency in living organisms. 



Geoegb V. If. Dearbobn. 

 Haevaed Univeesity. 



REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE MORRILL 

 GEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS OF THE 

 UNIVEESITr OF NEBRASKA* 

 Through the generosity of the Hon. 

 Charles H. Morrill, of Lincoln, the expedi- 

 tions sent out from the University of Ne- 

 braska, known as the Morrill Geological 

 Expeditions, have become a permanent or- 

 ganization of the University. Therefore, it 

 is but a fitting mark of respect that reports of 

 these expeditions be given to the Nebraska 

 Academy of Science from time to time in 

 order that they may become matters of 

 record. Introductory to this work, a pri- 

 vate geological excursion was undertaken 

 in June of 1891, by Mr. Erwin Hinckley 

 Barbour in the interest of the University of 

 Nebraska. At this time the Dsemonelix 

 beds of our State were discovered and ex- 

 plored, and the Bad Lands of Nebraska and 

 regions in South Dakota were visited, the 

 result being that a very considerable collec- 

 tion was made and several new genera and 

 species found. In May of 1892 a second 

 trip (likewise at private expense) was made 

 to the Sioux county Bad Lands and to the 

 Dsemonelix beds. Again a large amount 

 of material was secured and added to the 

 collections of the State Museum. At this 



* Paper read before the Nebraska Academy o£ 

 Science. 



