THE ARRIVAL OF MAN IN EUROPE. ■ 11 



spears and arrow-heads; and besides these stone implements they used spears 

 and arrows headed with bone, and daggers of reindeer antler. The reindeer, 

 which thus supplied them with clothes and weapons, was also slain for food ; and, 

 besides, they slew^ whales and seals on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, and in the 

 rivers they speared salmon, trout, and pike. They also appear to have eaten, as 

 well as to have been eaten by, the cave-lion and cave-bear. Many details of 

 their life are preserved to us through their extraordinary taste for engraving and 

 carving. Sketches of reindeer, mammoths, horses, cave-bears, pike and seals, 

 and hunting scenes have been found by the hundred, incised upon antlers or 

 bones, or sometimes upon stone ; and the artistic skill which they show is really 

 astonishing. Most savages can make rude drawings of objects in which they feel 

 a familiar interest, but such drawings are usually excessively grotesque, hke a 

 child's attempt to depict a man as a sort of figure eight, with four straight lines 

 standing forth from lower half to represent the arms and legs. But the Cave- 

 men, with a piece of sharp-pointed flint, would engrave, on a reindeer antler, an 

 outline of a urus so accurately that it can be clearly distinguished from an ox or 

 a bison. And their drawings are remarkable not only for their accuracy, but 

 often equally so for the taste and vigor with which the subject is treated. 



Among uncivilized races of men now living, there are none which possess 

 this remarkable artistic talent save the Eskimos; and in this respect there is com- 

 plete similarity between the Eskimos and the Cave-men. But this is by no 

 means the only point of agreement between the Eskimos and the Cave-men. Be- 

 tween the sets of tools and weapons used by the one and by the other the agree- 

 ment is also complete. The stone spears and arrow-heads, the sewing-needles 

 and skin-scrapers, used by the Eskimos are exactly like the similar implements 

 found in the Pleistocene caves of France and England. The necklaces and amu- 

 lets of cut teeth and the daggers made from antler, show an equally close corres- 

 pondence. The resemblances are not merely general, but extend so far into de- 

 tails that if modern Eskimo remains were to be put into European caves they 

 would be indistinguishable in appearance from the remains of the Cave-men 

 which are now found there. Now, when these facts are taken in connection 

 with the facts that the Cave-men were an arctic race, and especially that the 

 musk-sheep, which accompanied the advance of the Cave-men into Europe, is now 

 found only in the country of the Eskimos, though its fossil remains are scattered 

 in abundance all along a line stretching from the Pyrenees through Germany, 

 Russia, and Siberia, — when these facts are taken in connection, the opinion of 

 Mr. Dawkins, that the Cave-men were actually identical with the Eskimos, seems 

 highly plausible. Nothing can be more probable than that, in early or middle 

 Pleistocene times, the Eskimos lived all about the Arctic Circle, in Siberia and 

 northern Europe as well as in North America ; that during the coldest portion of 

 the Glacial period they found their way as far south as the Pyrenees, along with 

 the rest of the sub-arctic mammalian fauna to which they belonged; and that, as 

 the cHmate grew warmer again, and vigorous enemies from the south began to 

 press into Europe and compete with them, they gradually fell back to the north- 



