10 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 



with a cutting edge all round, which may have been used in a handle ; a scraper 

 for preparing skins; and pointed flints used for boring." Man did not then seek 

 for the materials out of which to make these weapons or tools, but "merely 

 fashioned the stones which happened to be within his reach — flint, quartzite, or 

 chert — in the shallows of the rivers, as they were wanted, throwing them away 

 after they had been used." No pottery of any sort has been found in association 

 with these implements, nor were there at that period any domesticated animals. 

 The River-drift men were evidently no tillers of the ground, neither were they 

 herdsmen or shepherds ; but they gained a precarious subsistence by hunting the 

 great elk and other deer, and contended* with packs of hyaenas for the caves 

 which might serve for shelter against the storm. As to what may have been the 

 social organization of these primeval savages, nothing whatever is known. They 

 were a wide-spread race. Their implements have been found, in more or less 

 abundance, in Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Northern Africa, 

 Palestine, and Hindustan. Their bones have been found in the valleys of the 

 Rhine, the Seine, the Somme, and the Vezere, in sufficient numbers to show 

 that they were dolicocephalic or long-headed race, with prominent jaws, but no 

 complete skeleton has as yet been discovered. 



These River-drift men, as already observed, belonged to the southern fauna 

 which inhabited Europe before the approach of the glacial cold. As the climate 

 of Europe became arctic and temperate by turns, the River-drift men appear to 

 have by turns retreated southward to Italy and Africa, and advanced northward 

 into Britain, along with the leopards, hyaenas, and elephants, with which they 

 were contemporary. But after several such migrations they returned no more, 

 but instead of them we find plentiful traces of the Cave men, — a race apparently 

 more limited in its range, and clearly belonging to a sub-arctic fauna. The 

 bones and implements of the Cave-men are found in association with remains of 

 the reindeer and bison, the arctic fox, the mammoth, and the woolly rhinoceros. 

 They are found in great abundance in southern and central England, in Belgium, 

 Germany, and Switzerland, and in every part of France; but nowhere as yet have 

 their remains been discovered south of the Alps and Pyrenees. A diligent ex- 

 ploration of the Pleistocene caves of England and France, during the past twenty 

 years, has thrown some light upon their mode of life. Not a trace of pottery 

 has been found anywhere associated with their remains, so that it is quite clear 

 that the Cave-men did not make earthenware vessels. Burnt clay is a peculiarly 

 indestructible material, and where it has once been in existence it is sure to leave 

 plentiful traces of itself. Meat was baked in the caves by contact with hot stones, 

 or roasted before the blazing fire. Fire may have been obtained by friction be- 

 tween two pieces of wood, or between bits of flint and iron pyrites. 



Clothes were made of the furs of bisons, reindeer, bears, and other animals, 

 rudely sewn together with threads of reindeer sinew. Even long fur gloves were 

 used, and necklaces of shells and of bear's and lion's teeth. The stone tools and 

 weapons were far finer in appearance than those of the River-drift men, though 

 they were still chipped, and not ground. They made borers and saws as well as 



