COST AND MAINTENANCE OF THE STREETS OF PARIS. 123 



Lubricating Steam Chests of Engines — In this device, by the opening of 

 a valve, the steam enters and forces the lubricant out of the cup at side, down 

 through a glass tube into the valve chamber, and delivers the lubricant at the 

 back of the valve which regulates the supply of lubricant passing into the steam 

 chest. 



COST AND MAINTENANCE OF THE STREETS IN PARIS. 



For cleaning streets, machine sweepers are employed drawn by a single 

 horse, cleaning about 5,000 square meters an hour (1.46 square yards i meter). 



The cost of keeping in repair is quite different for the different avenues ; for 

 the Rue Lafayette it is 16.08 francs (about $2.09 per square yard). 



The asphalt roadways have a joint area of 225,120 square meters, to which 

 should be added about 34,000 square meters for the walks through the Macadam- 

 ized streets. The price of construction varies from twelve to fifteen francs per 

 square meter ($1.56 to $1.95 per square yard). 



The repairing is done by contract for i.io francs per square meter per year 

 for the roadways, and 1.70 francs for the walks. 



The mean cost of repairing roadways in Paris, which was 1.08 francs in 

 1870, has been reduced to 0.82 francs. This reduction is due especially to a 

 change in many places from Macadam to paved roadways. The mean cost of 

 repairing pavement never exceeds 0.60 francs, while Macadam roadways cost 

 1.80 francs per square meter. The latter should therefore be replaced, except 

 where they serve as promenades and ornaments, as in the boulevards and 

 avenues. 



The following estimates are extracted from a recent report to the Municipal 

 Council of Paris by M. Watel. 



The number of vehicles which pass daily through some of the principal 

 thoroughfares of the city have been ascertained to be as follows : 



Boulevard de Sebastopol 11,602 



Avenue des Champs Elysees 11,734 



Rue de Rivoli 13,898 



Rue Royale 16,117 



Boulevard des Capucines 19,043 



The paved roadways have an aggregate total area of 5,458,000 square 

 meters; their maintenance requires the constant service of 431 men {cantonniers). 

 The cost per square meter varies from 15.90 francs to 20.40 francs according to 

 the gauge (, 10 to .16 meter) ($2.07 to $2.65 per square yard). 



The cost on hand labor in keeping the pavements in order is 0.154 francs 

 pier square meter (about .2 of a cent per square yard). 



The Macadamized roadways cover an area which, although less than in 

 1870, is still 1,900,000 square meters. The number of cantonniers required for 

 their maintenance is 965. 



