PENALOZA'S EXPEDITION TO QUI VARA. 217 



country, to be sought after by exploring expeditions, and if we accept the theory 

 that the expedition of Coronado in 1542 found it near the 40th degree of latitude, 

 it does not follow that Penaloza, one hundred and twenty years later, found it in 

 the same locality. There is nothing to warrant the belief that any special coun- 

 try, located with boundaries, had ever received the designation of Quivira. It 

 was the unknown, which lay beyond the country inhabited by the Indians that 

 visited Santa Fe, and one locality was as likely to be so designated as another; 

 but admit that it was the country of the Pawnees. Coronado describes the 

 people inhabiting the villages which he visited, as living in huts of hides 

 and willows, and says they changed their abode with the, buffalo. This 

 is a correct description of the nomadic tribes of the Platte country, but does 

 not agree with the customs of the people inhabiting the Quivira of Penaloza, yet I 

 have no doubt that they were different branches of the same tribe. Mar- 

 quette on his map of 1674 locates one village of the Pawnees southwest of the 

 Arkansas and another south of the Missouri. DeLisle on his map of Mexico, 

 1703, has the tribe located on two streams entering the Arkansas from the south. 

 On his map of Louisiana, 1718, he has Pawnee villages scattered from the Arkan- 

 sas in the south, to the region of the Platte in the north. Upon the advent of 

 the French into the valley of the Mississippi the Pawnees were the frontier tribe, 

 that is, they occupied the most advanced locations on the waters that flowed 

 east to the lower Missouri and the Arkansas. One of their villages near the Ar- 

 kansas was visited by M. Dutisne, of Kashaskia, in 1719. It containedone hun- 

 dred and thirty cabins, was situated upon a hill shut in by a prairie, by the banks 

 of a stream. From there, it was fifteen days journey to the Padoucas which 

 tribe they fought to the death. There were other villages of Pawnees north and 

 west of the one visited by M. Dutisne. 



From the views that I have expressed it will be seen that I do not believe 

 that Penaloza reached the Mississippi, or that the Quivira of Penaloza was the 

 same as that of Coronado, in other words rhat the former did not reach the vicini- 

 ty of the Platte River, as conjectured by Dr. Shea. Also that the Quivira of 

 Penaloza was not east of the Missouri River, but on the Arkansas. I do be- 

 lieve the people of Quivira, found by Coronado and Penaloza both, were Paw- 

 nees, and that the Escanxaques were the Padoucah's of the French or Comanches 

 of the Spaniards, though there is a suggestion of the Algonquin A-Kan Sea m 

 Escanxaques. 



Kevtesville, Mo., July 10, 1882. 



