546 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 



dence which the teeth bear on the physical relations of man to brute, I would 

 premise that the comparison must not be limited to a part or "fragment " of the 

 bony frame, but to its totality, as relating to the modes and faculties of loco- 

 motion. 



Beginning with the skull — and, indeed, for present aim, limiting myself 

 thereto, — I have found that a vertical longitudinal section brings to light in great- 

 est number and of truest value the differential characters between lowest Homo 

 and highest Simla. Those truly and indifferently interested in the question may 

 not think it unworthy their time — if it has not already been so bestowed — to give 

 attention to the detailed discussions' and illustrations of the characters in question 

 in the second and third volumes of the " Transactions of the Zoological Society. "^ 

 The concluding memoir, relating more especially to points of approximation in 

 cranial and dental structure of the highest Quadrumane to the lowest Bimane, 

 has been separately published. 



I selected from the large and instruction series of human skulls of various 

 races in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons that which was the lowest, 

 and might be called most bestial, in its cranial and dental characters. It was 

 from an adult of that human family of which the life-characters are chiefly but 

 truly and suggestively defined in the narrative of Cook's first voyage in the En- 

 deavor. ^ 



Not to trespass further on my readers, I may refer to the "Memoir on the 

 Gorilla," 4to, 1865. Plate XII gives a view, natural size, of the vertical and 

 longitudinal section of an Australian skull; plate XI gives a similar view of the 

 skull of the gorilla. Reduced copies of these views may be found at p. 572, 

 figs- 395> 396, Vol. II, of my " Anatomy of Vertebrates." 



As far as my experience has reached, there is no skull displaying the charac- 

 ters of a quadrumanous species, as that series descends from the gorilla and chim- 

 panzee to the baboon, which exhibits differences, osteal or dental, on which 

 specific and generic distinctions are founded, so great, so marked, as are to be 

 seen, and have been above illustrated, in the comparison of the highest ape with 

 with the lowest man. 



The modification of man's upper limbs for the endless variety, nicety and 

 perfection of their application, in fulfillment of the behests of his correspondingly 

 developed brain — actions summed up in the term "manipulation" — testify as 

 strongly to the same conclusion. The corresponding degree of modification of 

 the human lower limbs, to which he owes his upright attitude, relieving the man- 

 ual instruments from all share in station and terrestrial locomotion — combine and 

 concur in raising the group so characterized above and beyond the apes, to, at 

 least, ordinal distinction. The dental characters of mankind bear like testimony. 

 The lowest (melanian), like the highest (Caucasian), variety of the bimanal order 



2 " Osteologica! Contributions to the Natural History of the Orangs {Piihecus) and Chimpanzees 

 {Ttoglodites ni^er ^xiA Trog. e^orilla.)" 



3 Hawkeswonh's 4ih ed. , Vcl. Ill, 1770, pp. ^6, 13', 229. The skull in qiustion is No. 5,'"91 of the 

 " Cat; logue of ihe Osteology " in the above Museum, 4'.o, Vol. II, p. 825, 1853. 



