OUR ORIGIN AS A SPECIES. 547 



differs from the quadrumanal one in the order of appearance, and succession to 

 the first set of teeth, of the second or "permanent" set. The foremost incisor 

 and foremost molar are the earUest to appear in that series; the intermediate 

 teeth are acquired sooner than those behind the foremost molar. "^ 



In the gorilla and chimpanzee, the rate of course of progress is reversed; the 

 second true molar, or the one behind the first, makes its appearance before the 

 bicuspid molars rise in front of ihe first ; and the third or last of the molars be- 

 hind the first comes into place before the canine tooth has risen. This tooth, in- 

 deed, which occupies part of thfe interval between the foremost incisor and fore- 

 most molar, is the last of the permanent set of teeth to be fully developed in the 

 Quadrumana ; especially in those which, in their order, rank next to the Bimana. 

 To this differential character add the breaks in the dental series necessitated for 

 the reception of the crowns of the huge canines when the gorilla or chimpanzee 

 shuts its mouth. 



But the superior value of developmental over adult anatomical characters in 

 such questions as the present is too well known in the actual phase of biology to 

 need comment. 



In the article on "Primeval Man," the author states that the Cave-men 

 ' probably had lower foreheads, with high bosses like the Neanderthal skull, and 

 big canine teeth like the Naulette jaw."^ 



The human lower jaw so defined, from a Belgian cave, which I have care- 

 fully examined, gives no evidence of a canine tooth of a size indicative of one in 

 the upper jaw necessitating such vacancy in the lower series of teeth which the 

 apes present. There is no such vacancy nor any evidence of a " big canine 

 tooth" in that cave specimen. And, with respect to cave-specimens in general, 

 the zoological characters of the race of men they represent must be founded on 

 the rule, not on an exception, to their cranial features. Those which I obtained 

 from the cavern at Bruniquel, and which are now exhibited in the Museum of 

 Natural History, were disinterred under circumstances more satisfactorily deter- 

 mining their contemporaneity with the extinct quadrupeds those cavemen killed 

 and devoured than in any other spelaean retreat which I have explored. They 

 show neither "lower foreheads" nor " higher basses" than do the skulls of ex- 

 isting races of mankind. 



Present evidence concurs in concluding that the modes of life and grades of 

 thought of the men who have left evidences of their existence at the earliest 

 periods hitherto discovered and determined, were such as are now observable in 

 " savages," or the human races which are commonly so called. 



The industry and pains now devoted to the determination of the physical 

 characters of such races, to their ways of living, their tools and weapons, and to 

 the relations of their dermal, osteal, and dental modifications, to those of the 

 mammals which follow next after Bimana in the descensive series of mammalian 

 orders, are exemplary. 



4 " Odontography," 4to., 1840-44, p. 454, plates 117, 118, 119, 



5 Fortnightly Review, September, p. 321. 



