634 



KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 



and structurally the apes we have been describing belong to the old-world group^ 

 and geographically and structurally, too, man's alliances make it necessary to 

 consider him a member of the same family. 



But though it is assuredly no part of the writer's purpose to belittle the evi- 

 dences of this genetic connection, the candid acknowledgment must be made, 

 that a somewhat undue prominence has been given to the anthropoid apes in this 

 respect — although probably more in popular misconception of what men of science 

 have written than in anything which the writers themselves have intended to con- 

 vey. 



The points of resemblance are many and close, but the category contains 

 many in which each ape stands closer to man than do any of the others, and there 

 are as many more, perhaps, in which similarity is found, not among the higher, 

 but in some of the lowest of the monkey tribe. 



A full list of the points of close alliance would be far longer than the purpose 

 of this paper demands, and it will be sufficient to mention a few cases of resem- 

 blance and of difference, simply to indicate the complex nature of the relation- 

 ship. 



The gorilla resembles man most in actual bulk, in size of the brain, in pro- 

 portional length of the hand, and of the thumb and great toe to the spine, of the 

 two segments of the arm to each other, and in the presence of the transversus 

 pedis muscle ; but he has no flexor longus pollicis in the hand, no plantaris and 

 no flexor accessorius in the foot, both of which are found in man and most of the 

 lower monkeys. 



The chimpanzee is man-like in shortness of arms compared with the spine 

 and with the leg, in many details of brain structure and in the possession of a 

 palmaris longus muscle, but the plantaris, the transversus pedis, and sometimes 

 the flexor accessorius are absent, and the flexor longus pollicis is variable. 



The orang excels in the proportion of hand to foot, in some details of the 

 pelvis, and in general brain development is, perhaps, higher than either of the 

 others; it also has the palmaris longus and a part only of the flexor accessorius, 

 but the flexor longus pollicis, the plantaris and transversus pedis are absent, and 

 the flexor longus hallucis belies its name by giving no tendon to the great toe. 



In the form of larynx, one of the gibbons comes quite near man, but in other 

 respects is less like him than the other apes. 



The chimpanzee and gorilla, like man, have eight bones in the wrist and 

 ankle, while the orang has one additional in each ; the human number of twelve 

 ribs is found only in the orang, but to more than offset this, it has in the foot a 

 special muscle, the opponens hallucis, making of the big toe almost a thumb, 

 and of the foot almost a hand — a degraded structure which is not known in any 

 other monkey nor in man. 



A close approach to the human form of teeth is found in the anthropoids, 

 but for the reduced size of the canines, the absence of a space both in front and 

 behind each canine, and in some details of the grinding surfaces of the molars, a 



