78 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE, 
minute. At the same time the quantity of water added to the milk for adulterating 
purposes can be ascertained. M.Gembloux having tested that pure milk contains 
Io per cent. of cream, added one, then a second tenth, of water, and when 
whisked, the cream represented but nine and eight per cent. of the volume of 
milk. Further, when whirled in the cylindrical churn, the contents formed three 
distinct layers—cream, water, and skim-milk. ‘The same centrifugal test was 
applied to butter, maintained in the liquid state by means of hot water; the 
matter separated into three states toward the circumference of the churn—fatty 
butter, caseine, and salt water; it was in the latter all the mineral adulterations 
lodged. It was at the Exhibition of Vienna that an apparatus for separating cream 
from milk by centrifugal action, was first made known: it is to M. Lefeldt that 
the honor reverts for applying the system on a vast scale by means of a turbine 
cylinder making 800 rotations per minute, when the cream is formed round the 
axle of the machine, after which comes the skim-milk, and then the impurities, 
forming, as it were, three rings or zones. Other skim-milk is introduced, which 
forces up the cream to run over, and thus out of, the cylinder. M. Lawal’s 
Swedish skimmer is so constructed, that in proportion as the cream and skim-milk 
are separated, they pass off by the entrance of fresh milk. In the co-operative 
dairy at Kiel, 4,000 quarts of milk the produce of 550 cows, are centrifugally 
skimmed per day. 
M. Forel’s experiments on Swiss Lakes prove that cold can penetrate therein 
to the depth of 120 yards. 
_ M. Nordenskjold has stated, in a letter to M. Daubrée, that judging from his 
dredgings in the Siberian Sea, the fauna most rich in individuals, at a depth of 
from 33 to 110 yards, does not exist between the tropics, but in the Glacial Ocean 
and the Behring Sea, where the temperature, too, remains at the bottom, from 30 
to 28 degrees F. The municipality of Paris intends receiving and honoring M. 
Nordenskjold in the name of French Science. ze HEC: 
ESoVMenMOLOGY. 
THE SOUL—WHAT IS ITP 
Concerning the constitution of man there are three distinct theories. The 
first regards him as composed simply of a body, actuated for a time either by the 
ordinary forms of energy or by some modification thereof not yet recognized, and 
as losing at death his personal individuality. The second and more popular view . 
acknowledges in him a double nature, comprising, in addition to the palpable, 
ponderable, and visible part or body, an invisible and immaterial principle, known 
promiscuously as ‘‘ soul” or ‘‘ spirit.” Butthere is yet a third theory, which con- 
