THE SOUL—WHAT IS IT ? 7) gilt 
off on boiling. On the contrary, if the reaction is violent, the odor given off is 
that of the excrement of the species. Here, then, we have the two main modifica- 
tions of psychogen, the sympathetic and the antipathetic form. 
Dr. O. Schmidt, Professor of Chemistry and Physics at the Veterinary Col- 
lege of Stuttgart, has repeated these experiments upon the brains of animals. The 
odoriferous principle is here evolved much more easily than from egg albumen. 
Immediately on the addition of an acid an offensive odor appears, which vanishes 
as rapidly, and cannot be caused to reappear. Nor has it been found possible to 
elicit from brain the more agreeable odor. 
It will doubtless be granted that certain yet unexamined specific odors are 
given off by living animals; that these odors may be repulsive or attractive to 
other species; that they may be liberated more abundantly under mental excite- 
ment. But where is the proof that these odors are the soul in any condition? 
May they not be regarded merely as an effect which psychic emotion, along with 
other agencies, produces in and upon the body? 
We will, therefore, though not without misgivings, quote an experiment to 
which Duntsmaier attaches much importance. He placed in a large wire-work 
cage a number of hares, and allowed a dog to run around this prison, snuffing at 
the inmates, and attempting to get at them for about two hours. It need scarcely 
be said that the hares were in a state of great terror. At the end of that time the 
dog was killed; his olfactory nerves and the interior membranes of the nose were 
taken out with the least possible loss of time, and ground up in glycerin. The 
clear liquid thus obtained contained the souls of the hares, or at least portions of 
them, in an intense state of painful excitement. Every animal to whom it was 
administered,*either by the mouth, or by injection under the skin, seemed to lose 
all courage. A cat after taking a dose did not venture to spring upon some mice. 
A mastiff similarly treated slunk away from the cat. Now we are here confronted 
by a serious difficulty: if a second dog was rendered timid by merely a small por- 
tion of this extract of fear, how is it that the first dog, after snuffing up the whole, 
did not suffer the same change and become afraid of the hares ? 
Other experiments, we are told, were tried with analogous results. Thus a 
glyceric extract of courage was obtained from a young lion, the olfactory nerves 
of a dog being again used as the collecting medium. 
A difficulty which must make us hesitate before ascribing animal antipathics 
to some disagreement in their souls, making itself known by their specific eman- 
ations, is the following: the animals of uninhabited islands when they first come 
in contact with man entertain no antipathy for him, until his propensity for indis- 
criminate slaughter is learnt by experience. Can we assume that his emanations 
have changed in the meantime? Again, a colony of mice had established them- 
selves at the bottom of a deep mine, doubtless to prey upon the provisions, can- 
dles, etc., of the workmen, and had flourished there for many generations. One 
of them, being captured, was brought up, placed in a cage, and shown to a cat. 
The cat prowled around and tried to get at its prey, but the mouse gave not the 
