134 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
abundant supply every station yard has become a beautiful oasis in the desert. 
From Vitor to Arequipa the railway train is but a child’s toy in the midst of these 
volcanic mountains and gorges. Arequipa, 7560 feet elevation, is the second 
city of Peru—population, 60,000. Converging to this point descend the numer- 
merous herds of llamas laden with alpaca and sheep wool, gold, silver, copper and 
Peruvian bark. ‘The city is built of a white volcanic stone and situated upon the 
side of the volcano Misti, in the midst of extensive fields of corn and alfalfa, 
wheat and barley and gardens of vegetables, and surrounded by barren hills 
powdered with volcanic dust. From the railway station American street cars 
convey passengers up to the hotels in the city. Streets are paved and well kept.’ 
Streams of clear cold water flow freely along side many streets, and plazas are or- 
namented with fountains and flowers. 
But Arequipa is only half way up. The ride from the ocean to this point, 
and thence to Vincocaya, ninety-six miles further, is well worth a voyage to South 
America if one would enjoy extremes in nature; a ride by rail from the tropics 
into the sleets and snows of the Andean heights. By the kindness of Col. Flint, 
manager, your speaker enjoyed the privilege of making this ascent on one of 
Roger’s locomotives, the Huallata. Standing on the locomotive we, in the after- 
noon, ran into clouds, then rain, then hail, and then into a blinding snow storm. 
The road climbs around to opposite side of Misti by a series of ‘‘ developments ” 
wrought in the hard lava and dejecta from the volcano. Two other trains fol- 
lowed fifteen minutes apart and from different curves and elevations it was won- 
derful to see the other trains—mere toy trains—hundreds of feet below, worming 
their way over the same route we had just passed. At 10,000 feet elevation 
some few of the passengers began to feel the effects of rarefaction of the air of 
high altitudes—at 12,000 feet many bound cloths tightly about the head—at 14,- 
ooo feet many suffered intense headache and sickness, while one or two bled 
from nose and ears. 
At Vincocaya, ninety-six miles from Arequipa and 203 from the ocean, in a 
sort of broad valley green with Alpine grasses and partly surrounded by moun- 
tains of snow, all trains pass the night. ‘The air is thin, cold, frosty; breathing 
is laborious, head and stomach suffer, sleep is broken; and oh, for one good, sat- 
isfying inhalation of air! The highest elevation of the road is 14667 feet above 
the ocean—more elevated than the highest of the peaks of Colorado. Now we've 
arrived where there are abundant rains and the surface of the country is grassy and 
green up to the base of the eternal glaciers. Upon these bleak mountain pampas, 
great herds of alpacas and llamas feed, guarded by their keepers the Quichua 
Indians. A thousand feet lower sheep flourish and neat cattle graze. 
From the summit the train descends by easy grades over a comparatively level 
country ninety-eight miles to the city of Puno, on lake Titicaca, 326 miles from 
the ocean. Puno, capital of the Department, is a city of 4500; building mate- 
rial stone, roofs of tile and straw thatch, streets paved. There are two public 
plazas graced with iron fountains; one weekly newspaper; ‘‘ El Ciudadano.” 
