224 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE, 
blankets, and traveling six to eight leagues per day. The Professor bought a sad- 
dle mule which on the third day, while being led around a dangerous place, 
slipped and rolled down out of sight, dead. Out of 170 head of fat cattle that 
started for Apolobamba over the same road ‘at the same time with ourselves 130 
were lost by accidents on the way. 
Both ascending and descending this eastern cordillera we saw the Cascarilla 
and Peruvian bark tree newly stripped. One species with leaf as broad as the hand 
is found up to 5,000 and 6,000 feet, and another having leaf the size of an apple 
leaf grows only at greater elevations. The gathering of the bark is a destructive 
one, and the tree has almost entirely disappeared from lines of travel. We met 
many Indians loaded with bark. The Indians constantly use coca leaves with 
which in the act of chewing they mix ashes of apalm nut. They claim that it al- 
lays hunger and fatigue. Professor Orton, sick and almost utterly exhausted, 
drank hot infusions of coca two or three times daily and declared for it marvel- 
ous power to restore his strength. ‘The mountain scenery over this route is mag. 
nificent, and is called the Switzerland of America. Mountains 6,000, 8,oooand 
10,000 feet in height with intervening valleys all densely wooded, and rich with 
the deep green of the tropical forest. Of one view the following was written on 
the spot: Not far from Mamacuna we have our first clear unobstructed view 
in the west of the central cordillera stretching away from north to south as far as 
the eye can reach. In the foreground and all about are mountains 7,000 to 1o,- 
ooo feet in height, but high up above for a magnificent background stands this 
dark barrier with its white crest of snow and ice reaching 18,000 to 20,000 feet 
up in the sky. No mortal ever saw a grander sight. Professor Orton declared 
it the most splendid view he had ever seen. Wecould stand here all day, but 
the silent Indians were moving on. 
Apolobamba, 2500 inhabitants, in valley of same name. Coffee, corn, 
yuca, potato, plantain, oranges, pineapple and sugar cane. Sixteen days in 
Apolo. Last of August and first of September. This valley is noted for its coffee. 
The bushes stand six feet in the row and rows eight feet apart. Wesaw them 
in full bloom. ‘There is nothing of the kind prettier—long, slender stems, leaves 
opposite and drooping, and at the axiles of the leaves long rows of erect clusters 
of pearly white flowers. Near Pachimoco there were three coffee trees as large 
as apple trees, said to produce annual crops of seventy-five pounds to each tree. 
Throughout Peru and Bolivia there are many commercially educated Ger- 
mans, who almost invariably speak four languages. At Apolo, we dined with 
Don Carlos Frank, a German dealer in Peruvian bark, who spoke correct English, 
Spanish, French and German, to his guests at the table, and Quichua to his ser- 
vants. He was paying $32 per 100 pounds for poorer qualities, and $80 for best 
qualities of bark. 
Mules again to Pelechuco, 41 leagues. Pelechuco, 10,500 feet elevation, 
in the Quichua, signifies ‘‘Corner of the mist,’’ because from its peculiar posi- 
tion at the head of the valley and just under the snow peaks, the town is much 
