‘B14 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
The whole theory of dressing is to exclude the air. The more effectually 
this is done the greater will be the relief afforded. When only a small surface is 
injured, an artificial skin may by formed with flexible collodion ; or if that is not 
at hand common mucilage or gum arabic dissolved in warm water will answer. 
As one layer dries another should be painted over it. 
An excellent remedy for burns and scalds is a mixture of lime-water and sweet 
or linseed oil in equal parts. | Another excellent one is bicarbonate of soda. The 
common kind used for cooking purposes may be employed. A thick layer should 
be spread over the part and cover with a light wet bandage, keeping it moist and 
renewing it when necessary. 
When the clothing takes fire it is well if the victim have presence of mind to 
‘stand perfectly still. Motion fans the flames and causes it to burn more quickly. 
He may throw. himself on the floor and roll over and over, but never move from 
place to place seeking help. A woolen shawl, piece of carpet, or rug may be 
‘wrapped tightly around the person, not covering the face, and if there is time to 
‘wet it so much the better, but there is not an instant to lose, particularly if the 
‘clothes is of cotton. The great object is to prevent the flames from getting down 
the throat and the chest from being burned. 
In a severe cut on the finger, when the flow of blood renders dressing it a 
matter of difficulty, it may be checked by tying a string tightly around the base 
of the finger. It must then be washed in cold water, and the cut can be dressed 
at leisure with diachylon or court plaster, and the string removed. 
Bleeding from the nose may be stopped by lying flat on the back, with the 
head raised and the hands held above it. The nose must be covered with a cloth 
filled with pounded ice, or wrung out of ice water. The head should never be 
held over a basin, as the position encourages bleeding. The blood may be re- 
ceived in a wet sponge. 
When any one coughs or spits up blood the first thought is that it must be 
from the lungs. A slight knowledge of the characteristics of the bood from dif 
ferent parts that may come through the mouth will sometimes save much needless 
anxiety. Blood from the lungs is always brighter red in color, because it has just 
been purified by contact with the air. It is frothy, mixed with mucus, in small 
quantity, and is usually coughed up. Blood from the stomach is dark red, almost 
black, itis mixed with particles of food, comes in large quantities, and is vomited. 
Blood from the mouth and gums is of a red color, and usually mixed with saliva. 
Unless it has first been swallowed, it is not vomited or coughed up. 
In hemorrhage from the lungs the head and shoulders must be raised. 
Some physicians recommend a tablespoonful of table salt to be given in a tum- 
bler of water. It is always safe to give crackedice. Bleeding from the stomach 
may be checked by the application of a mustard plaster over the stomach. Crack- 
ed ice should be given and the doctor sent for. 
In bleeding from wounds or recent amputation there are three things that 
may be done :— 
First, press the finger or hand over the bleeding point : 
