302 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE, 
found capable of taking charge of the fine mineral collection at Frugord. ‘‘ By 
these experiences he acquired a keen and certain eye for recognizing minerals.” 
After passing his examination, in 1853, he accompanied his father on a minera- 
logical excursion to Ural, and paid much attention to the iron and copper mines. 
On his return, he continued his favorite studies, and about the year 1855-56, 
wrote papers on the ‘‘Crystalline Forms of Graphite and Chondrodite,” ‘A 
Description of the Minerals found in Finland,” various articles on Mineralogy 
and Molecular Chemistry, etc.; and also, in conjunction with another gentle- 
man, ‘‘The Mollusca of Finland.” He was during this time appointed Curator 
of the Mathematico-Physical faculty, and Mining Engineer Extraordinary, to 
each of which a small salary was attached. 
He did not, however, long enjoy these his first paid appointments, having 
been removed before his second quarter’s salary was paid, because of some po- 
litical speeches made in ‘‘heedless fun and frolic’’ at a convivial dinner, where 
one of those present parodied, in a very effective manner, a famous speech of 
Palmerston’s about the taking of the Baltic fortresses. This difficulty ended in 
Nordenskjéld having to leave his native land and take up his quarters for a 
time at Berlin, where he continued his pet studies, and made the acquaintance 
of some distinguished men, to whom his father’s well-known name was a most 
favorable introduction. 
He returned to Finland, was offered positions of honor and emolument, but 
in consequence of an imprudent speech, had again to leave that country for a 
time; the Governor General, Von Berg, being evidently inimical to him. Dur- 
ing this period of exile he made his first Arctic voyage with Torell to Spitzbergen, 
in 1858, in the autumn of which he again visited Finland, and was offered a sit- 
uation of trust, but difficulties were raised by Von Berg, to whom he would not 
express regret for what he had done, and ‘‘ who told him he must bid good-bye 
to Finland.” He got his passport, and in fourteen days crossed the frontier into 
Sweden, of which country he became a naturalized citizen. Subsequent to 
1862, when Von Berg—who had cruelly denied Nordenskjéld the privilege of 
visiting his dying mother—had ceased to be Governor General, he was permitted 
to visit Finland whenever he pleased. 
In the season of 1858-9, he was appointed to take charge of the Mineralog- 
ical Department of Riks Museum at Stockholm, vacant by the death of the for- 
mer able Curator, Mosander. His whole history at this time is a continuous 
record of constant and useful scientific work, showing great capacity and en- 
ergy, both mental and physical. 
In 1864 he went on his first Arctic expedition under his own command, 
with very limited means, and in a small sailing vessel. The results were much 
less than were looked for (although during this summer the sea was very free 
from ice), in consequence of his meeting, when sailing northward, seven boats 
laden with walrus hunters, from vessels that had been wrecked, with whom he 
was compelled to return immediately to Norway. ‘The sales of animals, etc., 
killed during this expedition paid part of the expenses. 
