396 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
storm signals, based on deductions made from numerous observations received by 
telegraph daily, at a central point. 
‘The first cautionary or storm-warning signals were made in England in Feb- 
ruary, 1861, and in August of the same year published forecasts of the weather 
were tried with such success, that by the spring of 1862 sufficient experience had 
been gained to justify the adoption of the system still in use. 
x Kates xk x x xk xk x 
‘‘The value of the forecasts given is shown ina statement made by General 
Sabine to the Board of Trade. He says that he had examined the warnings given 
during the two years ending 31st of March, 1865, and found that in the first year 
fifty per cent. and in the second year seventy three per cent. were right. Warn- 
ings of storms were sent by Admiral Fitz-Roy to the north and west coasts of 
France, and from comparison with the records for the two winters of 1864-65 and 
1865-66 it appears that of one hundred warnings sent during the first of these 
winters seventy-one were realized, and during the second winter seventy-six; and 
out of one hundred storms which occurred, eighty-nine were signaled during the 
first winter and ninety-four during the second winter. 
‘*In 1861 the Imperial Observatory of Paris commenced publishing, in the 
form of a daily bulletin, weather reports from different points in France, which 
proved so interesting to the scientific world, and useful to navigation, that the 
system was extended throughout Europe, reports from each principal city being 
received daily in Paris, where they are discussed and the results transmitted by 
mail to all parts of the world in the successive numbers of the International Bulle- 
letin. In 1863, the Observatory added to the bulletin a lithographic outline-map 
of Europe, upon which diagrams are drawn, showing the barometric curve of the 
previous day through the various stations reporting, together with the temperature 
and direction and force of the wind, so that one can see at a glance the condition 
of the atmosphere as it was all over Europe the day before. 
‘In carrying out this system of observations, France has been divided into 
districts, each consisting of a department, and in charge of a competent superin- 
tendent. By this arrangement much valuable material has been collected and 
many useful rules issued for the guidance of the agricultural community. 
‘‘In Russia, a system of meteorological observations bas been established, 
forming a net-work of stations throughout the empire, from which simultaneous 
daily reports are made to St. Petersburg, where they are collected and published 
for the benefit of commerce, and distributed throughout Europe. 
‘‘In Italy a similar system has been in operation forsome years, and valuable 
reports are also made from Holland, Austria, and Norway, but not issued daily 
in the bulletin form. 
‘‘In Austria alone, one hundred and eighteen stations are reported where 
observations are taken by scientific men, who labor without remuneration and the 
results of whose labors are annually published by the Government. 
