THE MASTODON. 527 
passes gradually into that of the present day, or the recent. Prominent among 
the animals of that time were the Mastodon and elephant, whose remains are 
found in the detritus of the gold region. Associated with them were the tapir, 
the bison and the horse—two species—one of them scarcely distinguishable from: 
the present mustang. 
From the Tertiary of North America Prof. Leidy names three species, in- 
cluding the South American species Mastodon andium, also found in Central 
America, Af. mirificus in the Pliocene of the Loup fork of Nebraska. 
The M. obscurus was first noticed from the Miocene of Maryland. 
Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, of Centreville, Cal., has discovered a number of 
Mastodons in California which are referred to this species, notably the lower jaw 
and upper molar at Oak Springs, Contra Costa county, Cal., in the Pliocene Ter- 
tiary ; the fragment of a tusk from Stanislaus county. 
Remains of this species from near Santa Fe, New Mexico, are found associ- 
ated with Elephas americanus, the cancellated structure of the bones filled with 
crystalline Calcite. The J/. miriicus has been obtained from Sinker creek, Ida- 
ho, and the Niobrara, Nebraska. 
Von Meyer describes the jaw ofa Mastodon from Michvasan, Mexico,as M.hum- 
boldtt, but Prof. Leidy thinks this must be A/. obscurus. We thus find that the 
Mastodon first appeared in America in Miocene times; was abundant in the Plio- 
cene, and lingered until the close of the Glacial period and disappeared in the early 
Loess. We also find that he roamed at will, from Canada to South America, be- 
ing found as far North as 66° N. Lat. on our Western coast ; and either entire 
skeletons or portions have been found in nearly every State and in some of the 
Territories. The 44. arvernensis has been found in the Pliocene of England, 
(Red Crag,) associated with the Azppopotamus major; in Val d’Arno, in Pied- 
mont and Montpelier. The M. angustidens is from the Miocene of Lonans, of 
Touraine, and from Gers, near the base of the Pyrenees, associated with Dzno- 
thertum. Mastodons have been found in the Miocene of Switzerland, of Greece and. 
M. longirostris is found at Vienna, associated with Dinothertum, Rhinoceros, etc. 
Humboldt discovered the tooth of a Mastodon near the volcano of Imba- 
burra, at an elevation of 7200 feet. Mantell informs us that the Turquois of 
Simone are composed of mammoth bones, impregnated with a metallic oxide. 
A species named MW. elephantoides was obtained by Mr. Cranford from the: 
banks of the Irrawaddi in the Birman Empire. The bones were here invested. 
with a hard calcareo-silicious conglomerate. 
In the foot-hills of the Himalayas the bones of a Mastodon are found asso-- 
ciated with those of seven species of the elephant, four of hippopotamus, five spe- 
cies of rhinoceros, three of horse, elk, camel, giraffe, sheep and the wonderful: 
Sivatherium. There is also here found an ostrich, an ox and a tortoise with a shell 
twelve feet in length. The Sewalik hills where these are found, rise 2000 to 3000: 
feet above the sea, and contain the most remarkable deposits of Miocene animals. 
in the world. The Z/ephas Ganesi here found have tusks ten and a half feet long,. 
