528 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
and twenty-six inches in circumference at the base. 
A species of Mastodon, related to AZ. augustidens has left its remains in the 
ossiferous caves of Australia and probably the same species has been found in 
enue 
Nicholson’s Paleontology pp. 442 gives order Prodboscidea including three 
genera “lephas, Dinothertum and Mastodon, characterized by total absence of 
canine teeth, few molar teeth, large and transversely ribbed or tuberculate ; in- 
cisors always present and grow from persistent pulps, constituting long tusks. In 
all the elephants there are two of these tusks like incisors in the upper jaw, the 
lower jaw without incisor teeth. In the Dinotherium this is reversed, being two 
tusk-like lower incisors and no upper incisors. In the Mastodon the incisors are 
usually developed in the upper jaw and form tusks as in the elephant; but some- 
times there are upper and lower incisors movable in every direction, highly sen- 
sitive and terminating in a finger-like prehensile lobe. The nostrils are placed 
at the extremity of the proboscis. The feet are furnished with five toes each, but 
these are only partly indicated externally by the divisions of the hoof. ‘The feet 
are furnished with a thick pad or integument, forming the palms of the hand and 
the soles of the feet. There are no clavicles and the tusks are abdominal through 
life. There are two teats, and these are placed upon the chest. 
In the elephant whether living or extinct, the tusks are formed by an enor- 
mous development of upper incisors. The milk-tusks are early sned and never 
attain a great size. ‘The permanent teeth, however, grow from persistent pulps 
attaining an enormous size in old males. The lower incisors are absent and there 
are no other teeth in the jaws except the large molars, which are usually two in 
number, on each side of the jaw. The molar teeth are of very large size and are 
composed of a number of transverse plates of enamel, united by dentine. ‘The 
surfaces of the molars are approximately flat. There are six species of A/ephas in 
the Miocene of Asia. The Zlephas antiguus is a southern form of Pliocene age. 
The Elephas primigenius is a northern form of Post-pliocene age, and is the hairy 
mammoth occurring in Siberia in Northern Europe and the northern portion of 
North America. It did not occur, (according to Dawkins, ) South of a line pass- 
ing through the Pyrenees, the Alps, northern shores of the Caspian, Lake Baikal | 
and Kamschatka. It survived the Glacial period and is found abundantly in Post- 
glacial deposits of France, Germany, Britain, Russia in Europe, Asia and North 
America. It survived into the earlier portion of the human period, its remains 
being found in a great number of instances associated with implements of human 
manufacture ; while in one instance a recognizable portrait of it has been discov- 
ered, carved on bone. 
The Llephas Malitensts of Malta was scarcely four and a half feet high; 
another the 4. faloneri was still smaller, being two and a half to three feet. 
But little was known of the Lznotherium, only found in the Miocene. Its 
skull was enormous, the molars and pre-molars were present in each jaw, the 
upper jaw destitute of canine and incisors. In the lower jaw were two long tusk- 
‘dike incisors bent downward like hooks. 
