O34 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
(6) Later Pleistocene, or glacial, including Dawkins’ ‘‘ Mid Pleistocene.” In 
this there was a great prevalence of cold and glacial conditions, and a great sub- 
amergence of the northern land. 
II. Moperv, or Period of Man and Modern Mammals, including— 
(a) Post-glacial, or Second Continental period,in which the land was again very 
extensive, and Paleocosmic man was contemporary with some great mammals, as 
ithe mammoth, now extinct, and the area of land in the Northern Hemisphere was 
greater than at present. This represents the Late Pleistocene of Dawkins. It was 
terminated by a great and very general subsidence accompanied by the disappear- 
ance of Paleocosmic man and some large mammalia, and which may be identical 
with the historical deluge. 
(6) Recent, when the continents attained their present levels, existing races 
of men colonized Europe, and living species of mammals. ‘This includes both the 
Prehistoric and Historic periods. 
On geological grounds the above should clearly be our arrangement, though 
of course there need be no objection to such other subdivisions as historians and 
antiquarians may find desirable for their purposes. On this classification ¢he earlt- 
est certain indications of the presence of man in Europe, Asia, or America, so far as 
yet known, belong to the Modern period alone. That man may have existed previ- 
ously no one need deny, but no onecan positively affirm it on any ground of actual 
fact. I do not reckou here the two flint flakes of Crayford and Erith already 
mentioned, because even if they are of human workmanship, the actual age of 
the bed in which they occur, as to its being glacial or post-glacial, is not beyond 
doubt. Flint flakes or even flint chips may be safely referred to man when they 
are found with human remains, but when found alone they are by no means cer- 
tain evidence. The clays of the Thames valley have been held by some good 
geologists to be pre-glacial, but by others to be much later, and the question is still 
under discussion. Dawkins thinks they may be ‘‘ Mid Pleistocene,” equivalent to 
““ Later Pleistocene” of the second table above, and that they are the oldest traces 
of man certainly known, but in the mean time they should evidently be put to 
what has been called ‘‘ the suspense account.’’ 
Inasmuch, however, as the human remains of the post-glacial epoch are those 
of fully developed men of high type, it may be said, and has often been said, that 
man in some lower stage of development must have existed at a far earlier period. 
That is, he must if certain theories as to his evolution from lower animals are to be 
sustained. ‘This, however, is not a mode of reasoning in accordance with the 
methods of science. When facts fail to sustain certain theories we are usually in 
the habit of saying ‘‘so much the worse for the theories,” not ‘‘ so much the worse 
for the facts,” or at least we claim the right to hold our judgment in suspense till 
some confirmatory facts are forthcoming. 
Before leaving this part of the subject it may be well to remark the grand 
procession of mammalian life, beginning with the marsupial and semi-marsupial 
beasts of prey and low-browed and small-brained but gigantic ungulates of 
the Eocene, and ending with man. There is here unquestionable elevation in rank, 
by whatever means effected. Gaudry inclines to some form of evolution, though 
