EXTRACTS AND NOTES FROM AN OLD BOOK. 063 
EXTRACTS AND NOTES FROM AN OLD BOOK. 
THREE YEARS’ TRAVEL—1763-1776—THROUGH THE INTERIOR PARTS OF NORTH 
AMERICA FOR MORE THAN 5,000 MILES, BY CAPT. JONATHAN CARVER, GLAS- 
Gow, 1805. 
The Ottawa Indians eat a kind of bread made of corn when in the milk; they 
slice the kernels from the cob and knead them into paste. For this no water is 
needed, as the milk in corn is sufficient. They then parcel it into cakes which are 
inclosed in basswood leaves, place them in hot embers, when they are soon baked ; 
the flavor is excellent. 
Green Bay was called by the French the Bay of Puants or Stinking Bay.” 
‘Carver remarks that the French had a different name for lakes or rivers, etc., 
from that used by the Indians, for, if in the presence of the Indians they were 
named, or a place named which they knew, they would be very jealous, for not 
understanding the conversation, they would become suspicious. From this, per- 
sons have since become perplexed with two or more names for the same place or 
object. 
Carver mentions that sumach grew in plenty, the leaf of which, gathered at 
Michaelmas, when it turns red, is much esteemed by the natives. They mix 
about an equal quantity of it with their tobacco, which causes it to smoke pleas- 
antly. He also speaks of a kind of willow (probably dogwood, or cornus sericea) 
termed by the French dos rouge, in English, red wood. Its bark, of one year’s 
growth, is a fine scarlet, becoming gray is it grows older. The bark, scraped 
from the sticks, dried and powdered, is also mixed by the Indians with their to- 
bacco, and held by them in the highest estimation for their winter smoking. The 
Indians also used leaves of another plant called by them Legockimac, to mix with 
their tobacco. 
Carver concludes that the Winnebagoes originally resided in New Mexico, 
and being driven out took refuge in more northern parts about 1660. His rea- 
sons for believing this are: First. Their inalienable attachment to the Nandowessie 
Indians, who now (then) live 600 miles distant. The Nandowessie Indians, I 
suppose to be a branch of Dacotah or Sioux. Second. Their dialect differs to- 
tally from every Indian nation yet discovered—being uncouth guttural jargon, 
which none of their neighbors will attempt to learn. They converse with other 
nations in the Chippewa language, which is the prevailing language from the Mo- 
hawks of Canada to those who inhabit the borders of the Mississippi. Third. Their 
inveterate hatred of the Spaniard! and an elderly chief informed Carver that forty- — 
six winters ago (forty-six years prior to 1763) he marched at the head of fifty war- 
riors toward southwest for three moons; that during this expedition, in crossing a 
plain, they discovered a body of men on horseback who belonged to the black 
people—for so they called the Spaniards; further states that, fearing a defeat, they 
waited until night and rushed upon them and killed most of them, and they took 
