564 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 
eighty horses loaded with what they termed white stone; this was probably silver 
and their horses were shod with it and bridles also ornamented with it. This 
affair probably took place on the head of Rio del Norte. The town of the Win- 
nebagoes consisted of fifty houses, strongly built, with palisades, located on an 
island of nearly fifty acres. The Winnebagoes raised corn, beans, pumpkins, 
squashes and water melons, with some tobacco. 
Carver next visited a town of the Sankies containing ninety houses, each 
large enough for several families. These were built of hewn planks, neatly jointed, 
and covered with bark so compactly as to keep out the most penetrating rain. 
Before the doors are sheds, where the people sit and smoke. ‘The streets are 
regular and spacious. ‘Their plantations are neatly laid out. 
He next visited the Ottagammies, whom the French named Des Reynards 
or ‘‘ the Foxes.” About five miles from the junction of Wisconsin (spelled Ouis- 
consin) with the Mississippi, he observed remarkable ruins of a large town re- 
cently inhabited by the Indians. On the Mississippi, some miles below Lake Pepin, 
he perceived what seemed to have been an intrenchment or earth-work thrown 
up four feet high and nearly a mile in extent, and sufficiently capacious to cover 
5,000 men. In form, circular, its flanks reaching the river. Though much de- 
faced by time, every angle was distinguishable and appeared regular and fashion- 
ed with great military skill. 
Near the River St. Croix there resided at that time three bands of Nando- 
wessie Indians, called the river bands, for they chiefly dwelt near the Mississippi, 
and were then composed of eleven bands. Originally there were twelve, but the 
Assinipoils had some years previous revolted. ‘Three bands reside near the river ; 
the other eight were called Nandowessies of the plains, and dwelt to the west- 
ward. The names of the three river bands were Nehogatawonahs, Mawtawbaun- 
towahs, and the Shahsiveentowas. 
About thirty miles below the Falls of St. Anthony he notes a remarkable 
cave containing a transparent lake. He observed many rude hieroglyphics cut 
upon the inside of the walls. 
The River St. Pierre (St. Peters) falls into the Mississippi ten miles below 
the Falls of St. Anthony, and was called by the natives Waddapawmencsotor. 
At the Falls of St. Anthony a young prince of the Winnebagoes made an offer- 
ing and address to the Great Spirit, and he considered the falls to be one of his 
residences. He first made an address to the Great Spirit, then threw his pipe into 
the stream; then the roll that contained his tobacco; next the bracelets of his arms 
and wrists; then a necklace of beads and wires from his neck; then his ear rings, 
during all of which he frequently smote his breast with great violence, threw his 
arms about, and appeared much agitated. He invoked that the Great Spirit 
would constantly afford Carver a bright sun, a blue sky, and clear and untroubled 
waters. 
Carver passed up St. Pierre’s river two hundred miles to the couutry of the 
Nandowessies of the plains. Among some of these he resided seven months. They 
