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n. On the Ancient or Quaternary Fauna of Gibraltar, as exemplified in the 

 Mammalian Eemains of the Ossiferous Breccia. By George Busk, F.E.S., 

 F.Z.S., 8fc. 



Received and read May 2nd, 1876. 



[Plates I.-XXVII.] 



Contents. 



I. Preliminary Eemarks page 53 



II. General Remarks on the remains . . 59 



m. Ursus 60 



IV. Hyaena 75 



V. Felis 79 



VI. Canis, Herpestes, Males 88 



Vn. Equus 88 



Vm. Rhinoceros 90 



IX. Cervns page 108 



X. Capra 115 



XI. Bos 125 



XII. Sus 126 



XIII. Lepus 128 



XIV. Elephas 128 



XV. General Conclusions 129 



XVI. De.'!cription of the Plates 132 



I. Pkeliminary Eemarks. 



On a former occasion ' I gave an account of the human remains &c. and asso- 

 ciated animals of the human period, discovered chiefly by Capt. F. Brome in certain 

 of the Gibraltar Caves. In the present communication my object is to describe 

 some of the mammalian remains found in the ossiferous breccia and belonging to a far 

 more ancient fauna, some, in fact, going back, in all probability, to the early Pleisto- 

 cene, if not Pliocene, epoch. 



Some of the species, it will be seen, are now altogether extinct, whilst others no 

 longer exist in Europe, and none in the particular locality in which their remains are 

 found, though not very far off. The paper therefore may be regarded as a contri- 

 bution to our knowledge of the former distribution of animal life in the Mediterranean 

 region, and of the relations that, within the Quaternary period, must have existed 

 between the South-European and North- African faunas — a subject quite as interesting 

 to the zoologist as to the palseontologist, and, it may also be said, to the geologist, in 

 any inquiry as to the period at which the final severance of land-communication 

 between Europe and North Africa took place. 



Although the considerations to which attention will here be directed are chiefly 

 zoological, it will not perhaps be deemed altogether out of place to premise some 

 remarks respectmg the general conditions under which the ossiferous breccia of Gibraltar 



' Transactions of the Third Session of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archeology, held at Norwich 

 in 1868, pp. 106-167. 



VOL. X. — PART II. No. 1. — August \st, 1877. i 



