QUATERNARY FAUNA OF GIBRALTAR. 129 



molar of EJephas antiquus. It is very nearly perfect, wanting only about half of the 

 foremost plate. In its present state it measures 7" in length by 2"-8 in width at the 

 thickest part. It presents ten plates and a half, which on the crown surface exhibit, 

 in the disposition of the enamel, all the well-known characters oi Elephas antiquus. 



The tooth was found, as mentioned by Mr. Smith ', in the process of scarping the an- 

 cient sea-cliff at Europa Point, in a raised beach about 70 feet above the present sea-level. 



It is incrusted in parts with a fine comminuted shell breccia ; and in many of the 

 hollows of the surface numerous minute littoral shells (Rissoa &c.) and Serpulm are 

 lodged. But what is very remarkable, it does not appear to have been at all rolled, 

 the angles of the old fractured surfaces being sharp, as are the edges of the machserides. 

 There can be no doubt, therefore, that, although at one time it lay on the sea-shore, it 

 could not have been brought by the action of the waves from any great distance. What 

 its origiaal position may have been or whence it was derived it is impossible to deter- 

 mine. But with respect to this it may be mentioned that a large tusk and other 

 Elephantine remains were many years since found in association with those of Rhino- 

 ceros, in an alluvial calcareous formation at Tarifa -. And I believe similar remains 

 have been met with in modern deposits near the south coast of Spain, towards the east. 



XV. Ge]st;ral Conclusions. 



The foregoing enumeration completes the list of the principal mammals, of which 

 remains have been identified, derived from the more ancient deposits in the Genista 

 cave and elsewhere. The catalogue, however, cannot be considered as exhausting the 

 ancient mammalian fauna of Gibraltar. Much, very much, yet remains to be done 

 even in that single department of zoology ; and it is to be hoped that some future 

 Brome will arise to disinter the numerous forms that must yet lie concealed in the 

 caves and fissures of the rock. 



Where birds and small mammals such as the Rabbit abounded, there must, most 

 probably, have existed corresponding predaceous carnivora of the Viverrine group — 

 none of which have as yet been discovered in the ancient breccia, although the skull 

 of Herpestes ichneumon was found in a recent condition in No. 3 Genista cave, which 

 was only filled with human bones and rubbish and the remains of domestic animals. 

 Although the Fox has been sparingly represented, the Wolf is as yet entirely wanting, 

 and other forms that might be expected to turn up. 



Amongst the most remarkable deficiencies in the ancient fauna made known up tO' 

 the present time, however, should be noticed the entire absence of any trace of the Ape 

 {Macacus inuus). Leaving on one side the disputed question whether the Barbary 

 Ape ever was truly indigenous on the Rock of Gibraltar, there can be no doubt 

 that during the last century or two it has there existed, at one time in considerable 

 numbers, in a wUd state. Many thousands of individuals, consequently, must have 

 ' Loc. cit. p. 110. - Pargeter, in Buckland's ' ReHquisB Diluvianae,' p. 159. 



