334 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. 



aimed to give working-men a higher theoretical education. There were also 

 fifty-nine workshops for apprentices, and numerous drawing-schools. 



In Italy the government has seen to the estabUshment of over fifty work and 

 industrial schools (scuole professionale, industriale.) These have 20,000 pupils, 

 are situated in rural districts, and receive aid from the Ministry of Agriculture 

 and Commerce. There are also art schools for drawing and modeling, several 

 professional schools for women, and many advanced schools and private institu- 

 tions under the charge of certain societies. For higher technical instruction 

 there are regular technical institutions, some provincial, others communal. 

 Among these are naval and technical schools in sea-port towns. At the exhibi- 

 tion in Milan in 1881 there were sixty-seven of these making some exhibit. 



The Netherlands report professional schools (Ambachtscholen) at Amster- 

 dam (since 1861), Rotterdam, Arnheim, the Hague, Groningen and Utrecht. 

 Among higher grade institutions are the Machinists' School at Amsterdam, and 

 the Academy of Arts and Sciences at Rotterdam. 



In Spain the elements of agriculture, the arts and industries, commerce and 

 seamanship are taught. The higher technical schools cover engineering in all its 

 phases, and there are six land-surveying schools. 



Portugal had up to 1873 o^^y ^^^ theoretical-technical schools — at Lisbon 

 and Oporto. In connection with the latter was a workshop for mechanicians 

 where the most accurate instruments were tested. The death of Fradesso da 

 Silveira, Director of the Polytechnic School at Lisbon, put a stop to any reforms 

 in that institution. 



In Russia higher technical schools are represented by the technical institute 

 — dating from 1825 — at Moscow; the Institute of Technology at St. Petersburg, 

 which dates from 1831 ; the Technical School at Helsingfors (1847); ^i^d the Poly- 

 technic — from 1 86 1 or 1862 — at Riga. There are also many institutions, with 

 workshops attached — for a lower grade of industrial training. The Polytechnic 

 museum at Moscow, and certain industrial art schools come into the list of tech- 

 nical departments. The Polytechnic School at Riga, which is organized like 

 similar institutions in Germany, had about 700 students in the summer term of 

 1884. Thirty-six followed the course in architecture, 175 that of mechanical en- 

 gineering, and 183 the chemical-technical course. The income at present is 

 45,000 roubles (65.8 cents to the rouble). A new and large laboratory is now 

 in process of erection. The professors are about equally divided between home 

 and foreign talent. 



In Sweden and Norway efforts are being made to advance the educational 

 status of laborers and workingmen generally, by means of handiwork and needle- 

 work schools. Household industries are also taught in evening and Sunday 

 schools. At Gothenburg there are twenty-one workshops where 1^600 children 

 are under instruction, and near the city is an extensive manual training school. 

 In Stockholm household industries are taught in connection with the common 

 schools. Nearly all the cities of Sweden have schools in which industrial train- 

 ing is given. 



