ANCIENT AND MODERN ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE. 553 



Not even Dinocrates, who built Alexandria and the Pharos, also the Temple 

 of Diana, attempted the difficult engineering feat of self-supporting domes. In 

 constructing the Pyramids mathematics were known, consequently it was not 

 ignorance which prevented the ancients from worshiping under a self-supporting 

 vault. 



The sewers of P^ris are great works of skill, large enough to float inspection- 

 boats, but they do not surpass very much the Maxima Cloaca of Rome, thirteen 

 feet broad and thirteen feet high, built by Tarquinius Priscus, 6i6 B. C. Athens 

 had sewers which drained into the Saronica gulf. Babylonian sewers drained its 

 marshes into the Euphrates. Modern age has simply copied from the ancient. 

 The principle is the same now as when the Alexandrian architect wished to build 

 a temple to Arsinoe, in which he intended to suspend her statue by means of a 

 lodestone. The only thing modern sanitation can claim over the ancient is sew- 

 ers greater in length and number, owing to the greater nee(ls. 



Of aqueducts, the Croton of New York claims the honor of being the finest 

 of our age. It is forty-two miles long and thirty-three from Croton lake to Harlem 

 river. Lisbon aqueduct is twelve miles long; the one which carries water to 

 Paris no miles. Ancient Rome had fourteen aqueducts. Three of these supply 

 modern Rome, Aqua Virgo, about eleven and a half miles, built by Agrippa, 

 to supply his baths. Aqua Claudia, forty-five miles long, and Aqua Trajana, 

 twenty-three miles, built to supply inland basins for spectacular sea fights. 

 Constantinople had its aqueduct of Pyrgos fifteen miles long. The aqueduct sup- 

 plying Athens had perpendicular pipes of clay or lead every 240 feet or so, leading 

 up to the surface; by this contrivance light and air were admitted to the water. 

 Eupalinus tunneled through a hill at Samos eight feet high, eight feet broad, and 

 four thousand two hundred feet long, with an accurately-reckoned declivity; also 

 a channel at the bottom, three feet square, to carry the water, which was thereby 

 aerated. DupHcation of tunneling on a greater scale is found in Mt. Cenis eight 

 miles long, double tracks. It is twenty-five feet wide at the base and twenty-four 

 feet high. St. Gothard is nine and a half miles long. Hoosac is 25,040 feet, 

 and Sutro 3.84 miles long. The last clearly parallels the Samos tunnel, being 

 used to carry water from a mine. Some writers say that the Euphrates was 

 tunneled under, but the statement is vague and bears no authenticity. 



The reservoirs of the ancients were not inferior to those of the present time. 

 The expertness of the ancient engineers is attested by the remains extant; they 

 certainly are not buried in the waters of the Lethe. The Pools of Solomon still 

 continue to furnish water to Jerusalem. They are three in number. The upper is 

 160 feet above the middle one, the latter 248 feet above the lower. The first was 

 supplied by pipes from springs, and, when full emptied into the second and that 

 into the lower one. The water was used for irrigating Solomon's gardens and 

 supplying his temple. The lower pool held about 31,442,425 gallons, the middle 

 about 12,289,912, and the upper one contained 13,778,772 — a grand total of 

 58,511,109 gallons, or nearly six times as much as the Kansas City reservoir, 

 which is estimated at 10,000,000 gallons. These pools were solid rock and 



