670 KANSAS C1T\ REVIEW Of SCIENCE. 



itself. From within outward we go by-paths already formed for us. We use our- 

 selves as self-registering yard-sticks, and the skull is a cup that contains our meas- 

 ure of the universe. The distance of a star is so many lengths of hand, or foot, 

 or arm ; the weight of a body is so many units of muscular effort. These measure- 

 ments and weight preserved for us and rendered automatic by the continuity of the 

 race form the bulk of our knowledge. The law by which our experience is marked 

 upon our children, the fact that they look upon the world with eyes black or 

 blue, because our own eyes are black or blue, and walk erect or bent by the 

 weight of ancestral sins, this is what makes our knowledge cumulative and what 

 it is. We must look upon humanity as a tree, and man as its blossom and fruit. 

 Every blossom that falls scars the tree and modifies the trunk, and yet the tree 

 grows on; and that explain^s to us the poet's lament over a nature 



So careless of the single man, 

 So careful of the race. 



This kind of knowledge, however, when applied to man, does not give 

 results by any means so satisfactory as we could wish. It can give us a knowl- 

 edge of the relations of man to society or to individuals, but we must know more 

 than that if possible. We must know if possible how these weighings and meas- 

 urings are projected into consciousness, their processes recorded and other things 

 inferred from them. Consciousness, the little mirror held up to reason and to 

 nature, must look at herself in her own glass. But how, when she throws no 

 shadow? Mind, the infinitesimal piece of the infinite, which we say sits some- 

 where within, controlling the brain and nourishing it with its shadow, must be 

 made tangible. That is the task. Let us see how we are progressing towards 

 its accomplishment. If we should sit down and watch the action of some new 

 complicated machine, and guess at the peculiar arrangement of wheels and levers 

 within from the work that it accomplishes, certain gross results might indeed be 

 arrived at. We might be able to calculate that another machine of a definite 

 size would lift a certain definite amount of material, or would be able to displace 

 a certain amount of matter. But our knowledge of its effective workings would 

 not be such as would be required to repair it, or give us the full control of its 

 energies. And yet this is identically the process that philosophers and scientific 

 men have applied to man. They have set themselves to work to watch him upon 

 the outside. They have seen that he thinks and have analyzed his thoughts so 

 far as they appear in action, dividing them up into reason, judgment, memory, 

 etc. This is as far as introspective philosophy or metaphysics can go. 



Now I do not intend to say that the results thus obtained are worthless. They 

 have a certain value, corresponding with our ideas, or, we might say with more 

 justice that your ideas have been modeled upon them. Such terms as memory, 

 imagination, etc., run through all the mazes of expression and have become 

 woven into the fabric of human speech. With them as a basis our knowledge of 

 mind became crystallized, became pseudo-scientific. Men reasoned; the mind 

 builds the brain for its temple, expands it and contracts it to meet its wants. If 



