THE NEW PHRENOLOGY. 673 



long as man remains man he lives and acts and cerebrates through continued change 

 in his nervous tissue. Brain and muscle are alike in their demands upon the 

 blood for nutrition, and the exercise of their powers is a continued death in life. 

 If mind can exist without brain we so far have been unable to discover it. But 

 this is not to deny that there is a power back of mind which is mightier than it 

 is, and which differs from it in quality and quantity. It is merely to sa\ that 

 mind as we know it is not an ultimate, it is the result of certain conditions. 

 How do these conditions produce in us the various processes by which we know ? 

 The first thing to do then was to find out the functions of the various nerve 

 tracts. The brain looked at through a microscope was worse than a labyrinth, 

 worse than a tropical jungle. There were cells upon cells of grey matter with 

 numerous polypus-like branches extending off in every direction, connected here 

 and there by fibres, hundreds of thousands in number, and giving no hint of 

 what their office might be. These brain-cells, looked at roughly upon the out- 

 side, seemed rolled up together in convolutions, separated from each other by 

 deep sulci. A fair comparison would be that the nerve tissue was arranged like 

 a cauliflower in blossom. These convolutions were nearly uniform in posit'on 

 and arrangement in all brains, but from this nothing could be inferred. So very 

 inconclusive, indeed, were the first experiments, that Flourens, the Frenchman, 

 promulgated the idea that the mind acted as a whole, that the removal of any 

 part of the hemispheres affects all the cerebral functions alike, and that therefore 

 every part of the brain has the same functions. This opinion held almost com- 

 plete sway in the scientific v/orld for a quarter of a century, and even now is 

 believed in some very respectable quarters. Its incorrectness was first shown 

 by the observations of Broca upon disturbances of speech caused by injury or 

 disease in a limited portion of the frontal lobes. This was followed up by the 

 observations of Meynart of Vienna, who from anatomical reasons and from post 

 mortem observations concluded that the fore part of the brain possessed motor 

 and the posterior sensory functions. After this the animal becomes our teacher. 

 Science is a religion that demands its martyrs. The brains of innumerable dogs, 

 rabbits, and monkeys were interrogated with knife and battery, and the results 

 obtained were compared with those already known. Ferrier of England laid 

 bare the brain of a dog and placed the poles of his battery upon certain nerve 

 centers. When one portion of the brain was irritated he noticed that the dog 

 would draw up the corners of his mouth, show his teeth and snarl. When an- 

 other was touched the pupils of the eye would expand. When still another, the 

 animal would raise his head as if on the lookout for game. These experiments 

 must be repeated and verified a thousand times before they could be received 

 and believed by the scientific v^^orld. 



Men realized that facts are like diamonds cut with facets. If the answer to 

 a problem is true, there must be many ways of reaching it. And especially must 

 this b'e the case when we are dealing with things so intricate as the nervous sys- 

 tem, where facts must be to a great extent inferred. If these were really local- 

 ized centers, animals or men would be deprived of the power conferred by these 



