OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 515 



beautiful and wonderful, mimetic resemblances, and therefore probably every other kind 

 of adaptation in beings, are brought about by agencies similar to those we have here 

 discussed. 



HELICONIDiE. 



I have mentioned, in a note at p. 496, that I should follow the example of Dr. Felder 

 in separating the Danaoid Heliconidce from the remainder of the family, and com- 

 bining them with the Danaiidce. I shall, however, consider these groups as sub- 

 families, instead of families. The modifications in the classification thus introduced will 

 be seen by the following synopsis of the section Rhopalocera. 



Order LEPIDOPTERA. 



Section Rhopalocera. 



Family I. Hesperid^. Six perfect legs in d ? ; hind tibiae, with few exceptions, having two pair of 

 spurs. Larva inhabiting a rolled-up leaf; pupa secured by many threads, or enclosed in a slight 

 cocoon. (These characters approximate the family to the Moths, or Heterocera). 

 Family 2. PAPiLiONiDas. Six perfect legs in d ? . Wing-cells (at least, of the hind wings) closed by 

 perfect tubular nervules. Hind tibije with one pair of spurs. Pupa secured by the tail and a girdle 

 across the middle in an upright position. (The Papiliones have a leaf-like appendage to the fore tibiae, 

 as pointed out recently by Dr. Adolf Speyer ; the character approximates the family to the Hesperidae and 

 Moths.) 

 Family 3. Lyc^nid^. Six perfect legs in ? ; four in d ; the lore tarsi wanting the tarsal claws, but 

 densely spined beneath. Wing-cells (except in Eumaus) not closed by perfect nervules. Pupa secured 

 by the tail and a girdle across the middle. 

 Family 4. ERYCmiDiE. Six perfect legs in 2 ; four in d ; the fore tarsi consisting only of one or two 

 joints, and spineless. 



Subfam. 1. Erycinin^e. Pupa recumbent, flattened beneath, secured by the tail and a girdle across 



the middle. 

 Subfam. 2. Stauachtin^. Pupa not flattened beneath, secured rigidly by the tail in an inclined 



position, without girdle. 

 Subfam. 3. Libyth^in^. Pupa suspended freely by the tail. 

 Family 5. Nymphalid^. Fore legs imperfect in both sexes ; in the ? wanting the tarsal claws ; in 

 the 6 the fore tarsi aborted, consisting of one or two joints. Pupa suspended freely by the tail. 



a. Lower disco-cellular nervule, especially of the hind wing, more or less atrophied. 

 Subfam. 1. Nymphalin^ {Nymphalidce, Ageronida, Eurytelida, and Morphida, part, of authors). 



b. Lower disco-cellular nervule perfect. 

 Subfam. 2. Heliconin^. 



Subfam. 3. Acr^i'n^. 



Subfam. 4. Brassolin.<e. 



Subfam. 5. Satyrin^e. 



Subfam. 6. Danain^. 



The Danaoid Heliconidce, as before mentioned, are considered to stand at the head of 



