Vol. Ill, Xo. 2.] A lorttten Language in Mongolia, 111 



IKS.] 



Tibet. He builfc tlie great fortified cities of Peking, Cliuhan, Khura 

 and Thuling-thing. When these great Avorks were done, he in- 

 vited Lama Phag-pa Lha (Hpliags-pa Lodoi Gyal-tshan, in Chinese, 

 called Bash-pa) of Sabja, and appointed him his spiritual tutor. 

 The Empress received the Tantrik initiation of He Vajra from him. 

 In consequence of this encouragement the Lamaism of Tibet 

 became introduced in China. The Buddliism of Tibet henceforth 

 came to be known linder the name of Lama, which was thereby distin- 

 guished from, the older Buddhism of China followed by the Hoshangs, 

 During the reign of Emperor Olgai-thu. Lama Choi Kyi-hotZ of 

 Sakya, then resident at Peking, findin^^ the square-shaped characters 

 quite unsuited For practical purposes of correspondence, etc., made 

 improvements In the saw-shaped characters by adding tails and 

 diaresis and other marks to the existing letters and thereby adding 

 to their number and giving more powers to them. He, in fact, com- 

 pleted the written language of Mongolia, and taught his pupils to 

 translate religious books in the same from the Chinese and Tibetan. 

 It is stated that Chlnghis, during his lifetime, had appointed his 

 son Oko-te (also written Oga-te) as Viceroy over his Mongi)l-Chinese 

 Empire with Chu-tsha, a chief of the tribe of Khitan, as prime 

 minister. After the Conqueror s death Oko-te reigned forslxyea-rs 

 from the Earth-moitse year. He was succeeded by his son Gu-yug, 

 who was born in the year Tree-ox, and died after a reign of six 

 months, in the year Water-serpent. He was succeeded by his 

 younger brother Gotan ( who was born in the year Ftre4iger) in 

 the year Tree-horse. In the following year, when he Avas attacked 

 with leprosy, Go-tan sent for Sakya Pandit Kungah Gyal-tshan. 

 He responded to the Khan's call, and is said to have cured him of 

 the loathsome disease, by the efficacy of some Buddhist charms, 

 chiefly by reciting the simhanada-sutra. Both the kmg and his 

 Lama died in the year Iron-hog. Though It is stated that the two 

 brothers Go-yug and Go-tan had succeeded to thei.- father s throne, 

 they only reigned over a part of the empire, havmg gone towards 

 Thala in the east and extended their sway down to Kham, but 

 the real succession to the Mongol-Chinese Empire had passed 

 to Mung-khe, the eldest of the four sons of Tholo, born m the 

 year Fire-hare. He reigned from the year Water^moic^e to tbe year 

 Harth-sJieep. 



