616 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, [November, 1907. 



1. When an example is not heterogeneous from the opposite 



of the reason, g^'^^'S^'^'^^'^"^^'^, e.g 



Sound is eternal, 



Becanse it is incorporeal, 



Whatever is non-eternal is not incorporeal, 



Like the atoms of dust. 



^^^b 



Here the atoms of dust cannot serve as an example becanse 

 they are not heterogeneous from those which are opposite of the 

 ** incorporeal " which is the reason. This is called the fallacy of 

 included reason. 



2. When an example is not lieterogeneous from the opposite 



of tbe predicate, g^'^^'g'^''^=T^*5^^'^, e.g 



Sound is eternal, 

 Because it is incorporeal, 



Whatever is non-eterual is not incorporeal, 



Like intelligence. 



Here intelligence cannot serve as an example becanse it is not 

 heterotreneous fi'om the contrary of the " eternal " which is the 

 predicate. ' 



3. An example heterogeneous from neither the contrary of the 



reason nor the contrary of the predicate, ^^^'^'^^' 



^•3^^'^, e.g. 



Sound is eternal, ^ 



Because it is incorporeal, 



Whatever is non-eternal is not incorporeal, 

 Like a pot. 



Here the pot cannot serve as an example because it is hetero- 

 geneous from neither the contrary of the " incorporeal " which is 

 the reason, nor the contrary of the *' eternal " which is the predicate. 

 This is called the fallacy of included reason and predicate, 



■If 



4. When there is no connection between the reason and the 



predicate, ^'q;^^^'^^ e.g. 



This person is passionate, 



Because he is a speaker, 



Whoever is non-passionate is not a speakei*, 



Like a piece of stone. 



4 r 



This is called the fallacy of the absence of disconnection 



