Vol. Ill, No, 9,] Nyaya-pravesa, * 617 



5. When there is an inverted connection between the reason 



and the predicate, ^^'^'g<3j*^'OT'^^ e.g,~ 



Sound is adventitious, 

 Because it is non- eternal, 



Whatever is non-adventitions is not non-eternal, 

 Like the sky, 



P 



Valid knowledge, ^^^'^"^^ ^'^^ ^""^^ ^^''"^^ ^^ vaM knoAv- 



^?TT5F^ ledge, viz.^ perception (ST^'^, ^Cc^J'^^SI) 



<35^'5|- 



and inference ( ^^^R 1^1'^'^^^"^). 



Perception is that which is freed from illnsoiy experiences. It is 

 the knowledge which is derived through the channels of the senses 

 without reflection of the objects of sense, name, genus, etc. 



Inference is the knowledge of an object through the reason or 



w 



middle term, such as a pot is non- eternal because it is a prorluctt 

 There are fallacies of perception (^r^^T^T^, ^^E^-^'^ISI'^^' 



|JC;'q) and of inference ( ^^T^JTHW, l^^^^'^^'I^C'^ ). 



Refutation ( T^?!!, ^'^'^S^ ) *^^^s^'^*-s i" finding out any of 

 the fallacies enumerated above in the speecli of the opponent. The 



semblance of refutation ( ^^TffTKm, ^'3j'P^clj''^'^'^!C^'j consists 

 in alleging fallacies in a speech which is really not fallacious. ' 



^ I bog to acknowledge with tliauks that I have derived much help from 

 Dr. Sngiora's " Hindu Logic as preserved in China and Japan." 



