TREATMENT HERE ADOPTED 11 
Nor is a completely typical character to be expected of each 
observed specimen which I enumerate as examples of localities 
and dates after each species. 
These examples are cited especially to give serial dates for 
colonies which I have kept under repeated scrutiny ; and to give 
citations from herbaria in which I have seen examples which I 
should refer within the limits assigned to the species in question. 
Such examples when cited without special credit, were of my own 
observation and are preserved in my herbarium ; although in a 
few cases, for clearness sake, my own observation or herbarium is 
specially indicated, and then by the abbreviation Bv. 
The descriptions are written with regard to both growing and 
dry states, which often differ greatly in roughness, color or aspect. 
7. Instead of dividing the closely-linked chain of Aster-species 
into formal subgenera, I have classed them as groups or sections, 
informally named from a leading character or species — preferably 
from character. 
8. I not only write my own subspecific names without separ- 
ating commas and without any prefix var., but I also so print 
those previously published. I have given the nomenclature of 
subspecific Latin names the same treatment as that of species, 
recognizing that further evidence may at any time cause some 
one to elevate a subspecies or a form into a species. I have not 
deemed the same importance to attach to the nomenclature of 
subvarietal forms, and I simply label these, as already remarked, 
by an English name, seeking to embody in it as tersely as possible 
some characteristic aspect of the particular form. 
9. lalso endeavor in naming a new species to name it from 
some strongly marked characteristic, using Latin form, but by 
no means confined to Augustan Latin. The first object of 
science is not to uphold a supposedly pure Latinity, but to use the 
most expressive term. So I have occasionally drawn upon a 
source in medieval Latin ; as carmestnus for crimson ; and in a few 
cases in lack of a satisfactory and unused term existing in recorded 
Latin, I have constructed a Latin term from the brief and more 
definite Greek ; as zostemma, violet-crown, where I would not use 
violaceus, which had been long before published by Pursh for an 
Aster variety. 
