BIoTIAN CULTIVATORS T3 
macrophyllus was cultivated in the Paris garden as A. Acadiensts, 
fide Lamarck in 1783. 
1809, Berlin; Willdenow enumerates Aster macrophyllus as 
cultivated in the Berlin garden, in his Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 882; 
probably some white-flowered plants of A. ScAreberi Nees were 
mingled with it, as in Willdenow's description of 1804. 
1819, Hort. Hafniensis, Copenhagen. 
A. macrophyllus pinguifolius seems to have been cultivated 
under the name A. /atifolius in the Paris garden, fide specimens, 
1814 + , and fide Desfontaine's Catalogue, 1829. 
Other allied but uncertain forms were early in the gardens 
of Paris, Berlin, Erfurt, Erlangen, Breslau, Hamburg and Bonn, 
and were so mentioned by Nees, 1832; including A. sudcymosus, 
A, ambiguus, and others. 
Aster Schreberi seems to have been cultivated in the Ley- 
den garden between 1762 and 1766; at Paris before 1783? ; at Berlin 
before 1804; at Erlangen, whence Nees described his type, before 
1810; at Turin before 1821; an allied form was the A. discolor of 
the Hamburg garden, as cited by Nees, 1832. 
Aster divaricatus was cultivated near London by Peter 
Collinson in 1765; in Hort. Jenensis before 1792, by the name of 
_ A, divaricatus (fide Nees, Gen. 142); at Berlin before 1809, under 
name A. corymbosus. 
See the respective species for details. 
EUROPEAN WORK UPON BioriAN ASTERS: NEES 
Nees, in his monograph on the Asters states expressly that he 
gives more detailed treatment to the species since known as Biotian, 
because some doubted their validity. This fullness of detail in- 
cluded extended description, attention bestowed on the quick- 
perishing primordial leaves, and care in distinguishing varieties. 
Consequently the sketch of Biotian history is the appropriate place 
for some notice of Nees, the great European student of the Asters. 
There were two brothers Nees, botanists, natives of Reichen- 
berg near Enbach in the Hessian Odenwald ; the younger was the 
short-lived professor at Bonn, Theodor F. L. Nees von Esenbeck, 
1787-1837, mourned in 1838 “ by his friends" in a pamphlet of 
40 pages, issued at Breslau, doubtless through the means of his 
