86 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN LOCATING PLANTS. 
N. Y. vic., for localities near or within New York City. 
W. N. Y., Western New York ; as, near Lake Erie. 
N. Y., elsewhere in New York state. 
D. C., implies occurrence in adjoining parts of Md. and Va., 
as well as in the District of Columbia. 
M. V., Marthas Vineyard, Mass. 
L. £., Long Island, N. Y. 
S. £ Staten Island, N. Y. 
Hort. = Hortus ; so used of European botanical gardens. 
hb, = herbarium. 
hb. Colu. = herbarium of Columbia University. 
Bu. = collected by E. S. Burgess and represented in his her- 
barium. 
Bi.— collected by E. P. Bicknell and represented in his her- 
barium, 
COLOR-TERMS AS HERE USED 
Lilac. — Like lilac-blossoms ; a pale reddish pave: such as 
produced by color-disks 1 ultramarine, } vermillion, 4 white; as 
in A. macrophyllus often, and with more red, and more latidhosfts, 
in A. concolor. 
Lavender. — The preceding but still paler, the vermillion re- 
duced to 4!; by replacing with white; as in A. violaris rays. 
Violet. oe blue that is placed BAN increased illumination ; 
or with a trace of red; as the bluest petals of Viola cucullata; as 
V. odorata; as A. tostemma, A. ianthinus and young A. multiformis. 
Blue = Some A. cordifolius. 
Purple. — Between violet and crimson; the red being 4, 4 or 
even 2; as A. Novae- Angliae. 
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS 
Special words and special phrases which must recur constantly 
in treating of Asters are sometimes abbreviated as a gain in space 
and in clearness of effect ; as the following will indicate : 
early = early flowering. 
Jlrs. = flowers. 
lus. = leaves. 
inf. = inflorescence. 
ben. = beneath. 
