GALIUM |. 85 
respects save in three particulars the characters of the embryo-sac 
are uniform namely, in the form of the endosperm cell, the shape 
and disposition of the antipodals and the amount of the food con- 
tent. In certain species, e. g., G. Mollugo, and G. Parisiense, the 
endosperm cellis almost spherical while in others it is oval. In 
G. tinctorum this cell is markedly constricted about midway its 
length and this appears to be the normal condition (ig. 70). In 
this plant also, the food content of the endosperm cell is evidently 
greater, and is composed for the most part of starch. The starch 
grains are indeed so crowded that the nucleus is very much dis- 
torted by compression ( fig. 70). Finally the antipodal cells may 
take two different arrangements. They may be placed tandem 
fashion as in G. triflorum ( fig. 7) and G. Mollugo ( fig. 11), or the 
two small antipodals may lie in the same transverse plane as occurs 
in G. Aparine ( fig. 8) and G. Parisiense ( fig. 12), and some others. 
A modification of this latter mode of arrangement is to be found 
in G. Zinctorum ( fig. 10), in which plant these cells become rounded 
and are placed obliquely with reference to the longitudinal axis of 
the embryo-sac. These cells are at the same time densely filled 
with starch, a good deal of which material is also to be found in 
the long antipodal cell. 
The haustorial antipodal cell reaches, in this genus, its great- 
est relative length, as is illustrated by our jig. 9 (G. triflorum), 
which shows an ovule in longitudinal section, with an embryo-sac 
just before fertilization. 
The development of the embryo and endosperm in their earlier 
stages presents no differences of special note. Considerable varia- 
tion is shown in the development of the suspensor in the different 
species. In G. Parisiense, for example, there is but a small haus- 
torial apparatus formed, while the suspensor of this plant is re- 
markable for the unusual elongation of the basal cell (fig. 13). Of 
the species studied, the greatest development of the suspensor is 
reached in G. Mollugo (fig. 15). ۱ 
The endosperm arises by division of the endosperm nucleus in 
all directions, at first without the formation of cell walls. Soon, 
however, these commence to form before, indeed, the suspensor 
produces haustoria. The histolytic changes in the integument, 
which take place relatively slowly at first, proceed a little later 
