ASPERULA 41 
embryo-sac has been seen, although similar appearances in the 
archesporial tissue are there. 
The only other point in connection with the embryo-sac calling 
for special mention is the behavior of the antipodal cells. These 
are by no means constant in number, and may vary even in the 
same species, as far as observed, from three to seven. The most 
typical condition is shown in pl. 8, fig. 3, for Asperula azurea, 
and in pl. 9, figs. 1 and 2, for. Asperula montana. The long anti- 
podal has the usual appearance corresponding as it does to the 
homologous cell in the other Galicae. The other two, however, 
are here very much enlarged and each consists of dense cytoplasm 
with a large active nucleus, and a very large central vacuole. In 
the growth of these cells the adjacent tissues present histolytic ap- 
pearances similar to those seen in the same tissue when the endo- - 
sperm enlarges. There is, therefore, so much evidence that the 
antipodal cells are able to secrete substance which acts in the way 
indicated upon the living cells. 
When more than three antipodal cells occur they are arranged 
in pairs forming an irregular double row, recalling the condition in 
Aster (Chamberlain) and in Diodia (pl. 9, fig. 5). In some 
species the behavior of these cells is very irregular ; one frequently 
finds several nuclei in the same cell, and the cells are sometimes 
much more slender in proportion than as represented in the figure 
(pl. 9, fig. 5). In all cases, however, the same observations 
already made with reference to the persistance of the antipodals 
and their nutritive relations holds good in Asperula. 
THE EMBRYO 
Of all the Galicae studied, the genus Asperula is most remark- 
able for the extreme development of the suspensor. In 4. setosa 
(pl. 8, fig. 4) the haustorial cells attain a large size, and extend 
to a considerable distance from the suspensor into the endosperm. 
The amount of cytoplasm is not great, and is collected mainly at 
the distal ends of the haustoria, where the nucleus is to be found. 
At this point the growth of the organ takes place, so that we have 
here a very close analogy with the root hair in which, as Haber- 
landt * has shown, the nucleus and cytoplasm behave similarly. 
* Ueber die Beziehung zwischen Function und Lage des Zellkernes bei den 
Pflanzen, Jena, 1887. 
