54 SEMI-CENTENNIAL OF TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB 
Therefore I have deemed it essential to this following course 
in economic botany that it be based on native fall flowers; that 
it must cover gamopetalous families with some additions of fall- 
blooming polypetalous and apetalous families; must include mor- 
phological characters but devote emphasis to utilities; must not 
be confined to succession of families by affinity, but must be in- 
fluenced in its succession by blossoming-time and availability of 
material. 
With these provisions as requisites, the following is an avail- 
able approximate order of material used for class work, as now 
tested for four or five years. 
Utilizing the opportunities given by the fall-flowering Gamo- 
petalae, classes take up families somewhat in the following suc- 
cession: 
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. Labiate families; as Scrophulariaceae, Labiatae, Bignoniaceae; 
with references also to Acanthaceae, etc. 
. Kindred non-labiate families; as Boraginaceae, Polemoniaceae, 
Convolvulaceae, etc. 
. Orders showing tendency to coalescence in stamens; Cucur- 
bitaceae, Campanulaceae, Lobeliaceae. 
Coalescence in heads (or cymes); from Hamamelidaceae, 
Caprifoliaceae, Rubiaceae, to Platanaceae, Valerianaceae, 
and Dipsacaceae. 
 Coalescence in both stamens and heads: Compositae, Cichoria- 
ceae. 
. Apetalous weedy families; as Ambrosiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, 
Amarantaceae, Polygonaceae, Plantaginaceae, Phytolacca- 
ceae; with a glance at Euphorbiaceae. 
Gamopetalous rotate-flowered families; Solanaceae, Apocyna- 
ceae, Asclepiadaceae; noting also Gentianaceae and Oleaceae. 
. Polypetalous families; flowers available in fall; as Cruciferae, 
Leguminosae, Cactaceae; and, fibre available, Malvaceae, 
‘Linaceae, Tiliaceae. 
. Apetalous tree-bearing families; Urticaceae, Juglandaceae, 
Cupuliferae, Betulaceae. 
From point of view of their economic relationships, these 
families have meanwhile yielded subjects of study, approxi- 
mately in this order: 
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