30 AstTER HISTORY 
Caules habet cubitales et sesquicubitales, tenues, teretes, duros, 
hirsutos, subrubentes... Caules circa fastigium in surculus divi- 
duntur.—/. Bauhin, and Ray. 
Cauliculos promit erectos, rotundos, aliquantulum duros, frag- 
iles, asperos, nonnihil pilosos cubitum altos. Flores in summitate 
virgularum emicant.—Jorison. 
It grows seldom more than two Foot high ; its Flowers are large, 
produced in great Tufts.—Philip Miller, 1733. . 
The stems grow in large clusters from the root, and each of 
them branch at the top into 8 to 10 peduncles, each terminated by — 
a single large flower.—Jfiller Dict., 1797. | 
Stem usually 14 meter, sometimes only 4% m., or even 14m. 
high.—F/. Deutschland. 
A Woody Stem —The stem is somewhat woody, * FvAddec, D.} 
frutex, Columella; lignosus, Fuchs, Matthioli, Dalechamp ; wood- 
dish, Lyte ; wooddy, Parkinson; durus, /. Bauhin and Ray ; ali- 
quantulum durus, JJorison. 
Roor 
Vergil’s reference to growth, ‘‘ab uno cespite,’’ implies suc 
a mass of long and entangled fibrous roots, binding a sod to 
gether, as were first in set terms described by Fuchs, 140, ‘radi 
fibris multis capillata.”’ 
Its root is divided into many parts of a not unpleasant odor 
an odor like that of a Garofano, a clove-gilliflower.—Matthiolt. 
The root is bearded with hairie strings.—Lyce. 
The root is threddie like the common Daisie.—Gerarde. 
The roote is composed of sundry white strings which peri 
not, but abide many years with greene leaves on their heads, and 
spring afresh every yeare.—Parkinson. 
Pe ne earl 
* Some might suppose that what botanists now call a woody stem is meant am 
that Aster would not agree well. But woody was here meant in distinction from 
Dioscorides’ idea of a shrub, 18 consisted of two essentials, a hard stem, 
bushy ee he ‘calls oombite ium, St ee Pape eas each ddicust, a oa a 
culus ; Paro 
m 
; chrysan 
Aapvoediic. Theophrastus aaa plants as divins: Aapuvo, Aevkwe, pat se ar 
herbs. Nicolaus Damascenus added a fourth class, Adyava, vegetables. In 
Saracenus, translating Dioscorides, was dividing as into four classes, but hi 
arbores, frutices, ~~ et herbae, His usage was not uniform, but very common 
ae he ema pagisity! snes plants for which Dene used 
