74 Aster History 
The word %<, a sow, which was understood to enter into this 
name, is now archaic in Greece, yovpodva and ozxpoga taking its 
place colloquially, Jaxnaris, 1895. 
Explanations of Hyophthalmum were ‘‘id est, suis oculus,” 
Bock, 1536; ‘id est, suillus oculus,” John Lonitzer, 1543; ‘“ quod 
suis vel porci oculum,” Bodaeus, 1646. 
For my explanation of Hyophthalmum as originally merely a 
part of the word polyophthalmon, see infra, under Hippocrates. 
INGUINALIS, sc. herba ; or Herba Inguinalis ; D. (interpolation ?) 
Pliny & Apuleius Platonicus in some MS. Dorstenius, 1 540, does 
not entitle his plant Aster at all, but names his chapter ‘“ De In- 
guinali,” continuing “ Inguinalis magna sit medicina,” etc. From 
its use applied ad inguen, for tumors, etc. Varied into such 
forms as Inguinaria, Pliny, Inguinialis and Ynguinialis, Ortus, 
Unguinialis, Gart der Gesundheit. In Italian, Inguinale, used by 
Matthioli in his Italian edition, 1568, as his principal alternative 
for the name Aster Atticus. 
IncurnariA, form of Inguinalis (q. v.) in Pliny, still used in 
description as late as Rondelet, in Lobel, 1 576, and as Morandi, 
1744; meaning the same plant, as most writers judge ; Robertus 
Constantinus, in his Greek lexicon (Geneva, 1592), deemed it differ- 
ent, saying “ Namalia est inguinaria quam argemonem vocari tradit 
Plin, 26, 9, cujus vis excellens ut bubonio ad persananda inguinum 
vitia.” Some, as Billerbeck, adopting this idea of a different In- 
guinaria from Inguinalis (though the mediaeval Ortus, etc., made 
them the same) have identified Inguinaria with the modern Her- 
niaria hirsuta 1. 
Ion PORPHYROUN, Zov zopguoodv, Viola purpurea, purple violet. 
This name, it appears probable, was not only used for Viola odorata 
L., as by D. and Pliny, V. and Columella, but also for Aster Attt- 
cus L., by some in Greece, from which the ascription of Aster— 
Properties to Viola which we find in D., 4, 120, was a natural 
result. See infra under Dioscorides. : 
The modern Greeks of Athens still use Zoy as name for the 
true violet, Viola odorata L., not only among the educated but 
among the unlettered, Aztica. . 
IrinGus, also Iringo, Iringion, Eryngo, Eryngium, /ring?, etc, 
Irringus, of Simon Januensis, Irincii et Salvinca of Piero de Crescenst 
