USAGE WITH BUPHTHALMON 109 
boum oculis videantur assimiles, colore autem anthemidis 
floribus simillimi sunt, sed multo tum majores tum acriores. 
Proinde et vehementius digerunt, adeo ut et duritias sanent cerato 
mixti.”’ 
Confusion with Buphthalmon.—We are now prepared to com- 
pare the succession of usage of the names aster, polyopthalmon 
and buphthalmon. 
With Hippocrates, 430? B.C., polyopthalmon only was used, 
and probably included several plants used for reducing tumors ; 
Aster Atticus (thus accounting for the citation of polyophthalmon 
as a synonym for Aster); and also the yellow-flowered species 
Chrysanthemum segetum and coronarium of Linnaeus, and also 
Anthemis tinctoria L. Fach of the four has at one time or an- 
other appeared as buphthalmon and all were doubtless early so 
called. This may account for Galen’s citation of buphthalmon as 
a synonym for polyphthalmon. 
Subsequently the tendency seems to have been to restrict to the 
larger-flowered species the name buphthalmon—ox-eye—separat- 
ing the yellow-flowered species by that name and leaving poly- 
opthalmon for aster. Which one of the yellow-flowered species 
would be the buphthalmon of any particular writer may have been 
a matter of locality as well as tradition. Just so the United 
States has a sliding scale of distinctions between our daisy and 
our ox-eye daisy ; in one locality the “ ox-eye daisy ” is Rudbeckia 
hirta, because the largest that is common there ; in others, as Vir- 
ginia, where the true daisy, Bellis, was present to the thought of 
the people, the “ox-eye daisy” is Lewcanthemum vulgare because 
it is larger than Bellis, the type. 
' With Diocles, 270? B.C., seems to occur the first mention of 
the name buphthalmon in literature—in his de oleribus, his zept 
aydvev, or Garden Herbal. Probably the buphthalmon present 
to his mind was Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Pinardia coro- 
naria Lessing) which has been often claimed to be “the ancient 
buphthalmon.” As it produces edible stalks, it is likely to be the 
species intended in this lost book on garden vegetables. 
' Diocles may therefore have mentioned buphthalmon as a syno- 
“nym of polyophthalmon, intending by it not a complete but a par- 
tial equivalent ; as much as to say, ‘one kind of polyophthalmon 
