110 Aster History; HIPPOCRATES 
is called buphthalmon and because itis eaten as a vegetable I men- 
tion it here.” 
Concentration of medical use upon a species which was finally 
proved to possess particularly strong properties, may have gradu- 
ally caused the prominence afterward assumed by Axthemis tinc- 
toria, which is still labelled as Buphthalmum vulgare by apothe- 
caries ; and by the time of Galen that species may have become 
the pinmiisiean to physicians. 
Galen may have interpreted the Seshehatnen'< of Diocles as a 
synonym of complete equivalence to polyophthalmon, when it was 
meant but as a partial equivalent. 
With Galen, therefore, and with his period, buphthalmon may 
have meant Ax¢hemis tinctoria, and he may have taken it for granted 
that his buphthalmon and that of Diocles were identical. 
Meanwhile Dioscorides seems to have been citing polyophthal- 
mon as a synonym for his Aster Atticus, which he called an an- 
themis-like flower. He used (fide Sibthorp) Anthemis melinanthes 
for Anthemis tinctoria L., Anthemis porphyranthes for Anthemts 
rosea DC., Anthemis unmodified for Anthemis Chia L. His Buph- 
thalmon and his Chrysanthemon are identical and cover Chrysanthe- 
mum coronarium L. and perhaps Chrysanthemum segetum L. 
Finally came Linnaeus’ genus Buphthalmum, with still another 
application of the name to the related plant B. spizosum L. (Pallenis 
Spinosa Cass.) somewhat similar to the Awthemis tinctoria in appeat- 
ance and particularly so in its esteem as a vulnerary ; this species 
being itself identified with Dioscorides’ Aster Atticus oy Anguillara, 
Gesner, and many others. 
To sum up, these species may be thus distinguished historically : 
Aster Atticus L., once famed for reducing tumors, may be in 
considerable part the polyophthalmon of Hippocrates. 
Anthemis tinctoria L., a discutient and vulnerary, seems to 
have been the buphthalmon of Galen and Pliny,t the Buphthal- 
mum vulgare of mediaeval and modern apothecaries, } the Amthemts 
melinanthes of Dioscorides, the Bumastus virens + of Vergil’s Culex 
(406), the Camomille tinctoriale + of France ; and it may have been : 
the plant meant by some of those who aie insisted that Galen’s 
buphthalmon meant chamomile, though others seem to have see? 
in his buphthalmon the chamomile of Europe in general, Anthemis 
